فصلنامه بیهوشی و درد
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy on experiential avoidance and cognitive emotion regulation in Patients with chronic pain and alexithymia.

This research was a experiential study with pre, post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population included all patients with chronic pain in Isfahan city in 1400. Sampling was done by available and voluntary sampling method and in two stages. In this way, 24 patients with chronic pain who scored above 60 in the Tronto alexithymia questionnaire (1994) were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (n = 12). The experimental group received online emotion-focused group therapy for 12 weekly sessions. Instruments were Karnfeskesʼs Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(2001) and  Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (2011) which were completed in three stages of the research. data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis.

The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the adjusted averages of experiential avoidance and cognitive emotion regulation in the two groups (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that emotion focused therapy is effective on experiential avoidance and cognitive emotion regulation in Patients with chronic pain and alexithymia (P<0.05).

Considering the effect of emotion focused therapy on research variables, this treatment method can be used to improve Patients with chronic pain and alexithymia.

The present study aims was to provide a report on the use of self-hypnosis technique to create hypnotic anesthesia in the upper and lower jaw areas for the dental interventions of the researcher.This researcher visited in the dental clinic at the age of 38 years due to the decay of three teeth. Based on the radiograph, she was required the 3-level composite restoration in the third upper left tooth, 3-level amalgam restoration in the sixth upper left tooth, and 3-level Class II amalgam restoration in the sixth lower right tooth. she entered a deep hypnotic trance utilizing breathing techniques, relaxation, and mental imagery 20 minutes before the above-mentioned teeth cutting and filling. No Anesthetic or hetero - hypnosis method was applied for her. The dentist did not observe any signs of pain on her face and behavior during placing the wedge in the space between the two teeth and their grinding and filling. She herself did not feel any pain. All of the stages of the study were filmed.

The aforementioned technique can be applied as a safe method without side effects in dentistry instead of anesthetic drugs, especially for high-risk groups such as people with high blood pressure, pregnant women, and those with drug sensitivity.

Anxiety is one of the common symptoms in patients with chronic respiratory disorders, including chrona, which negatively affects health and quality of life by weakening the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the treatment focused on compassion on tolerance, chronic pain and anxiety caused by Corona in Gorgan's teachers in 2022.

The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the research was all the third grade teachers in the city of Gorgan in the academic year 2021-2022, of which 30 people were selected as a sample using available sampling method and randomly placed in 2 experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group received compassion-focused therapy, and the control group did not receive any intervention until the end of the study. The research tools included Alizadeh Fard et al.'s anxiety questionnaires, McGill's pain and distress tolerance questionnaires by Simmons and Gaher. The research data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance test.

The results showed that the results generally showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the evidence of distress tolerance, chronic pain, and anxiety caused by Corona (P <0.0001). Central treatment focused on compassion is an important factor in increasing distress tolerance and reducing chronic pain and anxiety caused by chrona in teachers.

Based on the results of therapists, counselors, and psychologists, along with other therapies, use the treatment focused on compassion to promote teachers' psychological status.

For years, psychological treatments for acute biological patients, along with other drug treatments, have been the answer to patients' psychological problems. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of group training of psychological capitals with cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on the psychosomatic symptoms of migraine patients in Isfahan city.

The design of this research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study was made up of all migraine patients in Isfahan city in 1400. The research sample consisted of 54 patients with migraine and were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups underwent 14 sessions of psychological capital training, and the second experimental group underwent 8 sessions of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tool included the Beck Depression Questionnaire and the data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements.

The difference in the psychosomatic symptoms scores in the pre-test and follow-up test in the three groups is significant (p<0.001) and the difference between the groups in the research stages (interaction of time in the group) is equal to 72.9%.

Considering the effect of mindfulness based cognitive therapy and psychological capital training on the psychosomatic symptoms of migraine patients, these treatments become an effective factor in improving the symptoms of these patients.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on sleep quality & intensity pain of women with migraine.

This study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest & follow-up control group design. The statistical population of the research consisted of all women suffering from migraine in Tabriz city in 2023. In total, 30 person meeting the inclusion criteria were selected by purposeful sampling, and The were randomly divided into the intervention and control groups (15 people each). The measurement tools were Pittsburgh sleep quality and McGill pain intensity questionnaires. The members of the experimental group received MBCT in 8 sessions of 1.5 hours; but the control group did not receive any treatment. Analysis of findings through repeated measures analysis of variance test.

In the pretest, mean and standard deviation of the MBCT for sleep quality (17.60±2.53) and for intensity pain (46.87±4.61), and in the control group for sleep quality (17.00±2.03) and for intensity pain (45.80±3.89) (P>0.05). MBCT compared to the control group the sleep quality (14.13±2.20) and intensity pain (41.93±5.04) of women with migraine improved and decreased respectively in the post-test (p<0.001). In the follow-up phase, the effect of treatment on the sleep quality and intensity pain was lasting (p<0.001).

Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has increased sleep quality and reduced the intensity pain of women with migraine.

The objective of current study was to determine the effectiveness of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on the pain anxiety and self-empathy of women suffered from breast cancer.

The research was conducted with the logic of single-case multiple-baseline designs with follow-up phases.The statistical population was  all female patients with breast cancer who came to Tehrans’ hospitals in 2021-2022.  A sample of 3 patients was drawn from the latter population and the therapy sessions were conducted individually for each case. The investigation tools were McCracken and Dhingra's Pain Questionnaire (2002) and Manavi Pour et al.'s Empathy Questionnaire (2019). using improvement percentage index and within and between situation analyzes, the data were analyzed in SPSS and Excel software.

The improvement percentage results illustrated that intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy adequately powered patients with breast cancer where the impact for patients in the treatment stage was moderate and for those in the follow-up phase moderate to high. Moreover, results for self-empathy variable for patients in the treatment stage the effectiveness was medium to high while for the follow-up phase the effect was significant on patients. Visual analysis and the results of intra-situational and inter-situational analyzes indicated a significant difference between the baseline and intervention stages for all subjects (PND=100). The efficacy and stability of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on pain anxiety and self-empathy of women with breast cancer was confirmed in the follow-up phase.

The outcomes of the research revealed that intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy is promising method on pain anxiety and self-empathy of women with breast cancer. Therefore, it would suggest that clinical psychologists use this treatment to reduce pain anxiety and increase self-empathy in women with breast cancer.

 inflammation of the plantar sheath is the most common cause of pain in the lower part of the heel and accounts for about 11% to 15% of all causes of foot pain that require treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of stretching exercises on ankle pain and supination in women with plantar fasciitis.

 15 patients with plantar fasciitis were randomly selected and placed in two groups, control and experimental, each with a number of 15 people. This study was pre-test and post-test and training interventions were conducted for six weeks under the supervision of the researcher. The visual pain scale was used to evaluate pain and the Brady test was used to evaluate the type of foot structure and the degree of ankle supination. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data, and paired t and independent t statistical tests were used to check intragroup and outgroup differences in SPSS software version 20 (α ≥0.05).

Ethical Considerations: 

This study was approved by the ethics committee of research projects (ethics code: IR.ARAKU.REC.1401.014)

 The results showed that Stretching exercises have led to the improvement of pain and ankle supination rate (p<0.05); Also, there was a difference between the two groups of stretching exercises and control in both pain and ankle supination variables (p < 0.05).

 The findings of the present research showed that the reduction of pain and the improvement of ankle supination in women with plantar fasciitis were significant in the group of stretching exercises compared to the control group, so it can be said that the results obtained from this research are to a large extent It is related to the positive effects of the stretching exercises used. In order to achieve more accurate results, in future research, the effect of these exercises on the improvement of patients with plantar fasciitis should be investigated. Considering the improvement of the measured variables in the exercise group, it is suggested that these exercises be used in the treatment of patients with plantar fasciitis in the future.

 The aim of this study was to investigate whether the application of the integrated neuromuscular inhibition technique combined with Electric stimulation can provide faster and greater improvement in maximum strength and isometric of the neck muscles in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain.

 The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pretest-posttest design. For this purpose, patients with non-specific chronic neck pain in Tehran were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n=17) and a control group (n=17). Pain, disability, strength and endurance of neck muscles before and after eight weeks of intervention were measured using visual pain index, neck disability index, dynamometer and craniocervical flexion test, respectively. Repeated measures analysis of variance and paired T-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.

 The results of the paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance did not show significant differences between the group and the out-group in the three groups, in contrast, the combined neuromuscular inhibition technique group with electrical stimulation showed a greater clinical effect size than the other two groups.

 According to the clinical effects reported for the combined neuromuscular inhibition technique with electrical stimulation in patients with neck pain, using this method as a complementary method in improving pain, disability and increasing the strength and endurance of neck muscles in patients with chronic neck pain Non-specific is suggested.