نشریه تولیدات گیاهی
سال چهل و ششم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

The methods used to analyze genotype-environment interaction and determine the stability and adaptability of genotypes are continuously evolving to improve the accuracy of evaluating genotypes and studying environmental interaction components. Using a combination of several methods provides a more comprehensive understanding of the genotype-environment interaction from multiple dimensions. In this study, the genotype-environment interaction was investigated using the AMMI method, along with the development of appropriate statistical techniques.

For this purpose, 25 sugar beet genotypes, consisting of 18 new hybrids and seven controls, were cultivated in seven environments: Karaj, Mashhad, Shiraz, Miandoab, Kermanshah, Hamadan, and Khoi. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with four replications during the year 2020. After checking the uniformity of the variance of the experimental errors using Bartlett's test, the stability of the genotypes was analyzed based on the AMMI model. In this study, 12 statistics obtained from the AMMI model, including ASTAB, ASI, ASV, AVAMGE, DA, DZ, EV, FA, MASI, MASV, SIPCi, and Za, were used to identify stable genotypes. To further investigate the stability of the experimental genotypes, the SIIG index was also estimated, taking into account the criteria provided by each index based on the AMMI model.

The results obtained from Bartlett's test confirmed the homogeneity of the variance of experimental errors in experiments from different regions. Therefore, a combined variance analysis was performed based on the AMMI model. The combined analysis of variance, based on the AMMI model, indicated the significance of the additive effects of the environment and genotype, as well as the multiplicative effect of genotype-environment interaction at the 1% probability level. Analyzing the interaction effects into principal components showed that the first four components were significant at the 1% probability level and explained 93.50% of the variations related to genotype-environment interaction. According to the AMMI1 biplot, hybrids 3 and 9 were recognized as the most stable genotypes due to having a sugar yield higher than the overall average and a low value of the first interaction component. According to the AMMI2 biplot, hybrid 3 and BTS 335 with the Miandoab environment, Lexia and 4 with the Mashhad environment, Lexia with the Hamedan environment, 14 and 15 with the Kermanshah environment, 13 and 17 with the Shiraz environment, 11 with the Karaj environment, and Baloo with the Khoi environment have considerable specific adaptability. Hybrid 9, followed by 6, 2, and 8, had general adaptability. The SIIG index, calculated based on AMMI model statistics, identified 2, 9, 10, and 8 as the most stable genotypes with optimal yield.

Based on the obtained results, the environment and its interaction with the genetic structure of different genotypes have played a significant role in the phenotypic expression of white sugar yield and have caused the genotypes to provide different responses in terms of white sugar yield according to the conditions of different environments. In general, based on the results of the present study, hybrid 9 and then hybrids 6, 2, 8, 7, and 10 had high white sugar yield and yield stability. Generally, real progress in sugar beet breeding will be obtained if the genetic factors controlling the sensitivity of sugar beet genotypes to a variable environment are identified.

In order to study the production potential and competitive power of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and the use of nitrogen fertilizer, an experiment was carried out in the 2017-2018 in two research stations of Sisab and Shirvan in North Khorasan province. The type of experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized complete block design, with the main factor including nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and the sub-factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels (barley monoculture, vetch monoculture, Incremental ratios: 15, 30, and 45 increased the density of vetch to barley) and the cultivation was mixed and additive. The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.
The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.

The forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) belongs to the Cactaceae family, which is a xerophyte plant with a rapid growth rate and is well adapted to arid climates. This cactus, which is also known as prickly pear or rocket cactus, although it produces high yields in fertile soils with sufficient water, but also produces significantly in poor soils with low water levels. Since nutrients such as nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and potassium are very important in the diet of livestock. In this experiment, the nutritional value of this plant was investigated by evaluating these elements in forage cactus. The importance of producing fodder plants and improving their quality under the influence of nitrogen and manure fertilizers, this research with a sustainable agriculture approach to investigate the effect of different proportions of organic and chemical fertilizers especially nitrogen and their interaction on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage cactus were done.

To investigate the effect of using biological, chemical and manure fertilizers on Separate and integrated tests were carried out on some forage cactus traits during two cropping years (2019 and 2020). The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of these fertilizers on the percentage of nutrients and some quantitative characteristics of forage cactus in the form of a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications and the factors including biofertilizer treatments: MY1: use of mycorrhiza and MY0: no use of mycorrhiza and four levels of manure, respectively: M0: no use of manure, M1: use of 10 tons per hectare of manure, M2: use of 20 tons per hectare of manure, M3: use of 30 tons per hectare of manure and four levels of nitrogen chemical fertilizer (urea), respectively, including treatments N0: no use of urea, N1: use of 100 kilograms per hectare of urea, N2: use of 200 kilograms per hectare of urea, N3: use of 300 kilograms per hectare of urea and the treatment of not using mycorrhizal biofertilizer; Urea chemical fertilizer and manure were used as control treatments. The distance between rows was 50 cm and between rows was 50 cm. A distance of 1.5 meters between plots and 3 meters between repetitions was created to create an irrigation stream and a waste water outlet stream. The size of each plot was 6 square meters (4 × 1.5) with 4 crop lines and the plant density was 3.33 per square meter. The main pad for planting was prepared from a three-year base and was prepared and transferred from the research farm affiliated with ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas) in Mehran city, belonging to the Agricultural Research Center of Ilam province.
The measured traits were as follows:Pad length, pad width, wet yield, dry yield, total pad number, nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, potassium percentage and calcium percentage.

The results showed that the highest fresh forage yield and dry forage yield were obtained in the treatment of combined use of M3N3 in comparison with the control treatment (no use of fertilizer) with the lowest amount. The mentioned treatment improved the fresh forage yield and dry forage yield by approximately 81.61% and 75%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The best results after this treatment are in the combined M3N2, M2N3 and M2N2 obtained. The traits of Ca percentage, P percentage, K percentage, N percentage, the total number of pad and the length and width of each pad showed favorable results in the integrated application of manure and nitrogen, and the integrated application of manure and chemical was significant on all the experimental traits.

The results of this research showed that the effect of using mycorrhizal biofertilizer was effective only on the amount of phosphorus and on other measured traits. It was not significant and because no significant difference was observed between treatments using mycorrhiza and not using it; because the cactus plant is perennial, it is recommended that the study regarding the use of mycorrhizal fungi and the process of quantitative and qualitative changes of this plant be further investigated in multi-year and long-term supplementary experiments.

Introduction Salt stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth, development and the yield of plants that cause structural changes in important plant organs such as stems, roots, leaves and petioles. In salinity conditions, the pomegranate tree cannot produce an economic product. Therefore, identification and use of selected pomegranate cultivars tolerant to salinity stress are necessary for breeding programs, introducing better cultivars and developing the pomegranate industry. Morphological and physicochemical changes can be used as indicators for selecting tolerant cultivars. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in 2019 in a factorial design based on a completely randomized block design in four replications in the laboratory of the department of horticultural sciences at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The first factor was pomegranate genotypes in 15 levels, including four wild genotypes (Vahshi Inchehbrun, Vahshi Aliabad and Vahshi Kordkoi from Golestan province, and Miankaleh from Mazandaran province), eight local genotypes (Qand and Torsh Galoogah, Shirin, Torsh, and Gol Anar Behshahr, Fereshteh qermez Sari, Shirin and Torsh Shivand of Khuzestan), two commercial export genotypes (Yosefkhani and Malas momtaz Saveh) and one foreign genotype (Wonderful) and the second factor was the salinity at three levels including control, 2.5 and 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (EC 1.4, 4 and 8 dS/m, respectively). After rooting of the cuttings and growing the new pot plants, salinity stress was applied for 10 weeks. Then, the morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits were measured. Results and Discussion The results showed that after applying salinity stress in all genotypes and cultivars, morphological and physicochemical traits such as stem length, stem diameter, the number of branches, the total number of leaves, root length, root diameter, leaf surface and leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, the relative water content of leaf, chlorophyll, total phenol and anthocyanin decreased in comparison with the control. Some of the other physicochemical and phytochemical traits such as electrolyte leakage, the percentage of abscised leaves and the percentage of necrotic leaves, cell membrane damage, salinity damage index and proline increased in comparison with the control. Also, the responses of genotypes were different in terms of tolerance to salinity stress and growth traits. Some of the cultivars were introduced as tolerant cultivars, some as semi-tolerant and some others as sensitive. With increasing the salinity stress, the amount of morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits changed significantly in sensitive cultivars. Moreover, the results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of salinity on all measured traits was significant except the root dry weight. Conclusion Based on the obtained results, and after ranking and standardization, the Wonderful cultivar was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar. It was able to tolerate the salinity of 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (8 dS m-1) well; followed by Fereshteh qermez and Malas Saveh. Torsh Galoogah, Torsh Shivand, Vahshi Inchehbrun, Shirin Shivand, Qand Galoogah, and Vahshi Miankaleh were identified as semi-tolerant cultivars and Vahshi Aliabad, Torsh Behshahr, Gol Anar behshahr, Vahshi Kordkoy and Shirin Behshahr were identified as sensitive cultivars to salt stress.

Fruits are one of the most valuable garden products that play an important role in providing nutritional needs and human health. This group of agricultural products are perishable due to high humidity, high respiration and transpiration, and most of them are destroyed in the post-harvest period. In this study, organic acids including malic acid with different concentrations were used to protect cell membranes, maintain quality and increase shelf life during the postharvest period in sour cherry fruits.

Sour cherry fruits were treated with 0, 2 and 4% malic acid and stored at 1°C with 85% relative humidity for 16 days. Traits such as chilling injury, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, ion leakage, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase were measured.

The results showed that the application of malic acid with both concentrations and at any time intervals from storage led to a reduction in chilling injury, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, ion leakage compared to control samples. On the other hand, in fruits treated with malic acid, antioxidant capacity and activity of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase have increased.

The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.
The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.

Salinity stress is one of the most important problems in the cultivation and production of agricultural products, including medicinal plants. The expansion of saline lands following continuous droughts in recent years increases the importance of the tolerance level of medicinal plants determination, their type of reaction, and the necessity of finding a solution to reduce the damage of mentioned stress on plants and increasing the productivity of the above lands.

To study the effect of salinity stress and salicylic acid hormone on biochemical traits of Denak (Oliveria decumbens), a factorial pot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2020-2021. The experiment factors included irrigation water salinity in four levels (1.1 (tap water), 2.5, 5, 7.5 dS/m) and foliar application of salicylic acid hormone in four levels (0, 100, 200, 500 mg/L-1). Biochemical traits included total soluble carbohydrates, proline, malondialdehyde, sodium and potassium elements, the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzymes were measured at flowering stage.

The interaction effect of salinity stress and foliar application of salicylic acid hormone significantly changed all the traits of Denak. The foliar application of 200 mg/L-1 of this regulator in plants under 5 dS/m salinity stress increased the amount of total soluble carbohydrates, proline, the activity of superoxide desmutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzymes compared to the control treatment. The highest level of activity of ascorbate peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase enzymes was also obtained in the foliar spraying of plants under 5 dS/m salinity stress by the concentration of 500 mg/L-1 of salicylic acid hormone, but no significant difference was observed between this concentration and the application of 200 mg/L-1 of this hormone. The maximum concentration of potassium element and the minimum amount of malondialdehyde and sodium element of Denak leaf were also recorded in the treatment of plants under 2.5 dS/m salinity stress by the concentration of 200 mg/L-1 of salicylic acid hormone. The salicylic acid regulator as a very important messenger in the plant's defense system through increasing the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes in Denak reduced the negative effects of free radicals, membrane destruction and the production of malondialdehyde compound in a 2.5 dS/m salinity stress. On the other hand, the application of this hormone reduced the damage caused by the secondary stress of dehydration by increasing the ability of the plant to produce osmotic pressure regulating compounds including soluble carbohydrates and proline.

Due to its ability to increase the production of osmolyte compounds including soluble carbohydrates and proline, activation of antioxidant enzymes and maintaining the stability of cell membranes, Denak is able to withstand salinity stress up to the level of 5 dS/m. The application of 200 mg/L-1 of salicylic acid hormone is beneficial and recommended due to its positive effect on antioxidant capacity and increasing the production of osmotic protective compounds in the plant as a solution to increase the resistance of Denak against the salinity stress.

Garlic is one of the most widely employed condiments in cooking. It has been found to possess important biological properties with high therapeutic potential, which is influenced by the mode of its utilization, preparation, and extraction. It has been attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Garlic, in particular its organosulfur compounds, can maintain immune system homeostasis through positive effects on immune cells, especially by regulating cytokine proliferation and expression. Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. There are about 300 amino acids occur in nature. Only 20 of them enter in proteins synthesis. Amino acids are essential nutrients for plant growth. Due to the characteristics of amino acids, they have a unique promotion effect on plant growth, especially on photosynthesis. Amino acids are good organic nitrogen sources in plant. They can be directly absorbed and utilized by cells, promote protein synthesis, and have a good effect on the growth. Spraying or irrigating amino acid nutrient liquid fertilizer can increase the element of various nutrients required in the plant, aggravate the accumulation of dry matter and the speed and quantity of the operation from the root or leaf to other parts, and adjust the proportion and balance of macroelement, trace element and other nutrients. Thus, the normal growth of the plant will be regulated. Many studies proved that amino acids play a positive role in enhancing the plant yield and quality when they are sprayed at different growth stages. This research was done to study effect of different amino acids compound on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of garlic.

The experiment was performed at three replications in a completely randomized blocks design in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2018-19 growing season. The experimental treatments included: 1) Arginine + Aspartic acid 2) Arginine + Valine 3) Arginine + Tyrosine 4) Arginine + Leucine 5) Aspartic acid + Valine 6) Aspartic acid + Tyrosine 7) Aspartic acid + Leucine 8) Valine + Tyrosine 9) Valine + Leucine 10) Tyrosine + Leucine 11) Trade amino acid 12) Distilled water 13) No amino acid (control).

The results showed that the maximum bulb fresh weight (13.054 t ha-1) and photosynthetic rate (10.58 µmol m-2s-1) was obtained from the aspartic acid + leucine. Also, the highest catalase activity was observed in the use of arginine with aspartic acid (9064 U mgFW-1), while the peroxidase activity was higher in the aspartic acid + valine (517 U mgFW-1), arginine + and tyrosine (511 U mgFW-1) and arginine + leucine (496 U mgFW-1) treatments.

In general, it seems that foliar spraying of amino acids increases the plant's energy efficiency (plant energy storage for the production of amino acids) and also increases the photosynthesis rate and thus helps the plant to increase the yield of the plant. Among the investigation of different combinations of amino acids, the combination of aspartic acid and leucine increased the performance more than other combinations and is introduced as the best treatment.

Salt stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth, development and the yield of plants that cause structural changes in important plant organs such as stems, roots, leaves and petioles. In salinity conditions, the pomegranate tree cannot produce an economic product. Therefore, identification and use of selected pomegranate cultivars tolerant to salinity stress are necessary for breeding programs, introducing better cultivars and developing the pomegranate industry. Morphological and physicochemical changes can be used as indicators for selecting tolerant cultivars.

This study was conducted in 2019 in a factorial design based on a completely randomized block design in four replications in the laboratory of the department of horticultural sciences at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The first factor was pomegranate genotypes in 15 levels, including four wild genotypes (Vahshi Inchehbrun, Vahshi Aliabad and Vahshi Kordkoi from Golestan province, and Miankaleh from Mazandaran province), eight local genotypes (Qand and Torsh Galoogah, Shirin, Torsh, and Gol Anar Behshahr, Fereshteh qermez Sari, Shirin and Torsh Shivand of Khuzestan), two commercial export genotypes (Yosefkhani and Malas momtaz Saveh) and one foreign genotype (Wonderful) and the second factor was the salinity at three levels including control, 2.5 and 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (EC 1.4, 4 and 8 dS/m, respectively). After rooting of the cuttings and growing the new pot plants, salinity stress was applied for 10 weeks. Then, the morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits were measured.

The results showed that after applying salinity stress in all genotypes and cultivars, morphological and physicochemical traits such as stem length, stem diameter, the number of branches, the total number of leaves, root length, root diameter, leaf surface and leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, the relative water content of leaf, chlorophyll, total phenol and anthocyanin decreased in comparison with the control. Some of the other physicochemical and phytochemical traits such as electrolyte leakage, the percentage of abscised leaves and the percentage of necrotic leaves, cell membrane damage, salinity damage index and proline increased in comparison with the control. Also, the responses of genotypes were different in terms of tolerance to salinity stress and growth traits. Some of the cultivars were introduced as tolerant cultivars, some as semi-tolerant and some others as sensitive. With increasing the salinity stress, the amount of morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits changed significantly in sensitive cultivars. Moreover, the results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of salinity on all measured traits was significant except the root dry weight.

Based on the obtained results, and after ranking and standardization, the Wonderful cultivar was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar. It was able to tolerate the salinity of 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (8 dS/m) well; followed by Fereshteh qermez and Malas Saveh. Torsh Galoogah, Torsh Shivand, Vahshi Inchehbrun, Shirin Shivand, Qand Galoogah, and Vahshi Miankaleh were identified as semi-tolerant cultivars and Vahshi Aliabad, Torsh Behshahr, Gol Anar behshahr, Vahshi Kordkoy and Shirin Behshahr were identified as sensitive cultivars to salt stress.

Chemical fertilizers have played a significant role in increasing the yield of agricultural products, especially since the 1950s, but the excessive application of these fertilizers in recent years has led to environmental pollution and a drop in agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem and human health, and economic prosperity. Researchers believed that the best and most accessible approach to solve these problems is the improvement of the efficiency indicators of inputs. So, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the use efficiency indicators for nitrogen and phosphorus and water in wheat-irrigated and dryland systems of Iran.

In this research, provinces with more than 80% production in irrigated and rainfed systems of Iran were determined and, in each province, cities with more than 80% production of this crop were selected. The required data were collected by using face-to-face interviews and recorded statistics. Afterward, the consumption productivity of inputs was determined, and then the Pearson correlation coefficient between the productivity of different sources was computed. Also, multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between yield with climatic variables and fertilizers and water. For this purpose, the two-year average for total precipitation for irrigated and rainfed systems in each region were extracted.

The results revealed that in the main areas of wheat production, the average productivity of nitrogen consumption for irrigated was calculated as 16.69 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen compared to 17.27 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen for rainfed conditions. Contrary to nitrogen, the efficiency of phosphorus consumption in rainfed agriculture was lower than in the irrigated wheat system. Also, the highest correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus productivity for the irrigated system was computed with r=0.506 and the coefficient between nitrogen and water productivity was calculated with r=0.309 for rainfed conditions. The results for regression analysis between yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that increases in temperature had a positive effect on grain yield in rainfed conditions. On the other hand, increasing in other parameters such as precipitation, nitrogen, phosphorus, and irrigation in the irrigated and rainfed systems had a direct relationship with grain yield.

Excess use of nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated wheat systems led to lower nitrogen use efficiency. Although, the grain yield in irrigated conditions was higher than in dryland conditions, due to the sensitivity of using nitrogen by farmers and the adverse effects of excessive use in rainfed wheat, the consumption of nitrogen has been used with more precision and sensitivity. This ultimately led to an increase in the efficiency of nitrogen consumption in rainfed compared to irrigated systems. Unlike nitrogen, the phosphorus use efficiency was lower in rainfed compared to the irrigated system due to the direct effect of soil moisture on the release of phosphorus in the soil. According to these results, nitrogen and water were the most important factors affecting the yield in irrigated and rainfed systems. Also, the regression analysis of the relationship between wheat yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that in irrigated systems, nitrogen and irrigation and in rainfed conditions, nitrogen and precipitation had the most impact on grain yield.

Wheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and it is likely that these damages are increasing with climate change. In many cases, waterlogging stress occurs for various reasons in the initial stages of the growth of this plant. There are many reports about the existence of differences in waterlogging stress tolerance in different cultivars and genotypes of wheat, but so far these differences have not been fully exploited. This research was designed and carried out to investigate the effect of waterlogging stress on the dry matter yield of shoot system, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of malondialdehyde and carotenoid content.

Floods will increase as a result of climate change and in some areas will have a negative impact on wheat production. plants are obligate aerobic organisms and they need to absorb oxygen from their surroundings to complete their life cycle, growth, reproduction and competition. with 215 million hectares, wheat has the largest area of cultivated plants in the world, waterlogging stress usually damages winter wheat during Seedling establishment and tillering. a field experiment in the form of a split plot design, based on randomized complete blocks in 3 replications accomplished. Stress was applied at the three-leaf stage and at three levels, control (no waterlogging stress), mild stress (48 hours) and severe stress (120 hours) as the main factors. Cultivars and genotypes were also included as secondary factors. Plants were cultivated in pots and grown in open space (outdoor), the water level was maintained about five centimeters above the soil level during the stress period.

Mild and severe waterlogging stress resulted in a decrease of 14.06 and 38.37 percent of shoot dry matter, respectively, which was significant in all cultivars and genotypes. Different cultivars and genotypes showed different responses to waterlogging stress. to better understand the reasons for these differences, among 11 cultivars and 10 genotypes, Mehrgan and Sarang cultivars and ms 93-16 and ms 93-6 genotypes were selected to study some physiological traits. waterlogging stress led to a decrease photosynthetic pigments , an increase in the malondialdehydeconcentration and an increase in the antioxidant enzymes activity ,and in these cases, the differences between these cultivars and genotypes were obvious. there were also differences between severe stress and mild stress, for example, in all studied cultivars, only severe stress could lead to a significant increase in peroxidase enzyme activity, but in the case of catalase, mild stress tolerant cultivars also led to a significant increase.

In general, cultivars that had a higher level of antioxidant enzyme activity when faced with waterlogging stress were able to pass through the stress period with less damage to the cell membrane structure (according to the concentration of malondialdehyde) and photosynthetic pigments and showed a lower percentage reduction in dry matter. Mehrgan cultivar had the highest dry matter yield compared to other cultivars and genotypes in all three stress levels, despite the severe decrease in shoot system dry matter yield.

Sesame is a low-expected and low-input crop among oilseed crops, which holds economic significance not only in subsistence agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran but also in terms of its agronomical characteristics. Shattering tolerant sesame genotypes are crucial for developing sesame cultivation in countries such as Iran. There is a lack of comprehensive information on crop management, including the optimal planting arrangement for imported shattering tolerant sesame genotypes. Therefore, this research was planned and executed to answer the questions regarding the proper planting arrangement of this genotype in two crucial sesame producing provinces, Khuzestan and Fars.

The experiment was conducted in the Khuzestan (Dezful) and Fars (Darab) Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center fields during 2019 and 2020. A split-block randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented at each location to investigate the effects of 30, 45, and 60 cm row spacing and 5, 8, 11, and 14 cm plant spacing on yield and yield components of shattering tolerant sesame genotypes. The collected data were analyzed using SAS software (version 9.4), and Bartlett's test confirmed homogeneity in the variance of all studied traits. The mean values for both years were presented since the data were consistent. It is important to note that the data from each region were analyzed separately due to inconsistent variances between regions. Statistical significance was determined using an F-test, and protected LSD was used to separate the main effects when necessary. Furthermore, significant interaction effects were separated using the slicing method.

The experiment results indicate that reducing the distance between rows and plants increased plant height in both locations. In Darab, increasing the row distance from 30 to 45 cm increased grain yield by 6%, while a further increase in distance to 60 cm decreased grain yield. The highest seed yield of 659 kg per hectare was obtained in Darab using a planting arrangement of 45x5 cm, and the lowest yield was observed with a 21% decrease in yield for the planting arrangement of 60x14 cm. In Dezful, the maximum seed yield of 684 kg per hectare was obtained with a planting arrangement of 45x11 cm. The study results showed that in both locations, the highest grain yields were achieved with a row distance of 45 cm, and the commonly used row distance of 60 cm did not produce the highest yield in either location. Additionally, in Darab, increasing planting density by up to 42 plants per square meter increased seed yield. In Dezful, the maximum seed yield was obtained at a density of 38 plants per square meter.

This research suggests that reducing the row distance while maintaining appropriate plant spacing can be a practical approach to achieving high sesame yields. Moreover, increasing plant density can lead to a certain extent of increase in grain yield. However, beyond a certain threshold, as the density further increases, yield decreases due to increased competition among plants. Thus, optimizing planting arrangements, including row and plant spacing, is essential to achieve maximum yields in sesame cultivation.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the important crops in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Today, plant tissue culture technology, as an important commercial method, provides the possibility of rapid reproduction of trees needed for the development of groves. Despite this, one of the main weaknesses of this method is the possibility of abnormal phenotypes such as delay in flowering, low levels of fruit set and formation of parthenocarp fruits. There is a difference between tissue culture date varieties in terms of the amount of abnormalities. In young tissue culture palm trees of Berhi cultivar, the amount of parthenocarp fruits reaches 59-86% and the yield of the date palm is greatly reduced. Therefore, identifying the causes of these abnormalities in tissue culture palms is very important.This study was conducted in order to investigate the changes in nutrient elements related to fruit setting in the pollination season on tissue culture derived date palms and derived from offshoot cv. Barhee in Date Palm and Tropical Fruit Research Center of Ahvaz city. At the beginning of spring season, palm trees were selected from each group of tissue culture and offshoot trees (10 years old). Sampling of flowers and fruits was done in the three stages of spath appearance, ripe spath and 2 weeks after pollination from three spathes. In the pollination stage, three spathes in each palm (1-2 days before natural opening) were pollinated with the same male pollen. Nitrogen, zinc, iron, magnesium, manganese, boron and potassium elements were measured in the flower or fruit samples collected from tissue culture and offshoot trees. In 5th week after pollination, fruit set percentage, parthenocarp fruits percentage and flower and fruit drop percentage were recorded. Also, cluster yield was measured at harvest time.The results showed that tissue culture derived plants had less fruit set (%) and more seedless fruits and drop (%) as compared to off shoot derived plants. Also, the fruit yield in the tissue culture plants was lower than off shoot derived plants. The levels of magnesium, manganese, boron, zinc and potassium in off shoot derived plants were higher than Tissue culture plants in most of the measured stages. By using multiple linear regression analysis and superior model selection, the amount of calcium and iron of flower and fruit had a negative relationship with the amount of fruit set and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and boron had a positive relationship with it. The lack of nutritional elements in tissue culture plants in comparison to offshoot derived plants in different stages, especially pollination and fruit formation, may cause disturbances in the synthesis of carbohydrates, protein, and organic matter, so the growth and development of the plant and ultimately the amount reduce fruit yield. Therefore, optimal feeding of trees and foliar spraying with key elements such as boron, zinc, manganese and magnesium at different stages can be one of the effective ways to improve fruiting and achieve maximum yield and increase the quality of the fruit of these trees.