نشریه مطالعات مدیریت خدمات عمومی
پیاپی 1 (پاییز 1402)

Industrial revolutions during the last four centuries have changed all aspects of individual, organizational, and social life in the world. The fourth industrial revolution has blurred the border between the physical and digital worlds with its stunning technological advances, and the extent and depth of the changes caused by its technological transformations are evident in the entire production, management, and even governance systems. New information and communication technologies have had many impacts on the performance of public administration, both from the perspective of conducting internal operations of public organizations and providing public services to citizens. This study examines the role of new communication and information technologies in our country's public administration using the scientific study of science and actor-network theory. For this purpose, a group of actors dealing with new communication and information technologies in the public administration system is selected with the snowball method. The topics are explained during in-depth and semi-structured interviews.

Public services from a new perspective emphasize the participation of citizens in the governance process. The government's duty in this regard is to create a safe and suitable environment that enables citizens to participate effectively with efficient infrastructure. The progress made in the field of science and technology has provided favorable conditions for cooperation between governments and societies, and it has facilitated the automatic exchange of information between organizations and social systems. The emergence and expansion of virtual organizations is one of the realities of today's world. These organizations can communicate with each other across spatial, temporal, and cultural boundaries through information and communication networks. They have flexibility and exchange their knowledge and skills to achieve common goals. Many countries have realized the capacity and significance of virtual organizations and their social impacts and have realized the necessity of creating and supporting them. The effective and efficient management of these organizations requires special management skills. The method of systematic review of available sources was used in this article. At the end of the article, practical solutions and recommendations were presented.

The administrative reform policy has long interested Iran and other developing countries. Considering the criticisms made on administrative transformation programs in Iran, developing a suitable theoretical basis for administrative transformation with a public governance approach is an inevitable necessity, which is the main goal of this research. The statistical population in this research is 32 management experts who, while mastering the theoretical topics of public administration, have more or less work experience in administrative environments. The results obtained from the research showed that the administrative transformation programs in the past periods were not at par with public governance. In addition, the research findings showed that the unified vision of managing universal and transcendental values is more acceptable among experts as a vision aligned with public governance. Therefore, it is suggested that the organization in charge of the transformation of the administrative system, in line with our unified view of the level of public governance, revises the road map of the administrative system and formulates administrative development plans according to the expectations and needs of the people.

In recent decades, with the development of information and communication technologies, existing movements in governance to improve relations between the people and the government were formed under the title of new governance. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors of participation in governance data. For this purpose, in the first step, the constituent elements of citizens' participation in open governance data were identified from the theoretical literature (by a systematic review method) and interviews with experts. The research community comprises 18 political and administrative experts from the organizations under the Ministry of Interior. Data collection tools are interviews and questionnaires. With a comprehensive review of the background of the research and soliciting opinions from experts, the number of 10 factors affecting citizens' participation in open governance data includes Personality characteristics, individual capabilities and internal motivation of citizens, external motivation of citizens, economic factors, organizational and legal factors, quality of open governance data platform, quality of open governance data services, cultural-social factors, political factors and international developments, in the form of a structural model. An interpretation was identified and leveled. The results showed that the realization of citizens' participation in open governance cannot be a purely executive decision by the government. However, various political, economic, cultural, social, organizational, and technological requirements and international developments related to each of them should be counted and analyzed. Furthermore, it finally planned and acted according to it in line with the general interests of the society.

Organizations have always been and are facing various crises. It is ‎impossible to avoid some crises. However, with proper management and the ‎participation of expert forces, and as a result, the formation of a firm ‎social capital in the organization, the consequences of these crises can be ‎reduced and controlled. To effectively manage the crisis, this ‎research aims to design a model for crisis management and control in scientific ‎systems focusing on social capital and explain the place of collaborative ‎management in it.‎ The research paradigm is positivism. In terms of the data collection method, it is ‎descriptive-analytical. Also, it is applied and developmental in terms of type ‎and purpose. In the current research, based on the beginning, the critical ‎elements in crisis management were identified with a fuzzy approach; six ‎elements were determined, and then the model was designed by ‎applying the ISM technique. The statistical population of this research consists ‎of academic experts and experts.‎The research findings include the ISM model in four levels ‎according to one-way or two-way relationships. Network interactions and ‎relationships and a trusting working atmosphere are more effective than other ‎elements of crisis management and control. At the lowest level, collaborative ‎management is placed, and at the highest level, network relationships and ‎the promotion of organizational norms and values are placed. The higher the ‎elements are, the lower their stimulating power and the higher the degree of ‎dependence.‎ Network relationships and the promotion of organizational norms and ‎values are the most dependent elements of the model. Participatory ‎management was recognized as the most influential element of the model ‎Because, according to the graph of influence and degree of dependence, it is the ‎basis of the model and the origin of other elements and affects all the elements ‎of the model. It should be given special attention as a vital element in ‎crisis management and control.‎

Governance emphasizes the networking of multiple stakeholders who come together from different levels and with different goals. This combination of multiple stakeholders with different or sometimes conflicting goals and interests has become an important challenge in the governance network and has led to the emergence of the "meta-governance" theory. Meta-governance is the management of the balance of power by the government in the governance system to realize public value and service. Based on this theory, governments with a higher degree of citizen representation than other stakeholders involved in the negotiations and the exercise of will in the course of management of society, and as a representative of citizens, they protect the public value and service. In this study, using the meta-synthesis method, 19 scientific articles on meta-governance research from different specialized journals were reviewed in detail, and a total of 20 codes in the form of three categories of "the why, what, and how of meta-governance" were identified toward preserving and promoting public value and service.