فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 48، تابستان 1402)

Background and objective:

 Despite conducting numerous studies in the two areas of “architectural design process” and “post-disaster housing reconstruction” in recent years in Iran, limited studies have been conducted for the meta-study of these two areas. Therefore, to redefine the “post-disaster housing reconstruction” and strengthen the common theoretical foundations, the current study aims to review the related studies to obtain in-depth knowledge of the concepts common between post-disaster housing reconstruction and architectural design process, extract operational concepts, and formulate a proposed conceptual model.

Method :

This is a mixed-method meta-study using an interpretive-naturalistic approach. The articles published in Persian over the last twenty years were searched using the keywords “housing architecture design process”, “post-disaster housing reconstruction,” and “participatory architecture design process and post-disaster housing “. The initial search yielded 168 articles. After several stages of screening, 66 articles were selected for further review. Quantitative analysis was done using descriptive statistics in Excel software. Qualitative analysis was done using the coding technique and MaxQDA software.

Results:

 The studies in the field of Iranian architecture are mainly subject-oriented and independent of time and place, based on theoretical knowledge along with the global knowledge of architecture and in line with the third generation of design processes (mental processes of architects). Meanwhile, the articles in the field of post-disaster housing reconstruction in Iran are mainly experience-oriented and location-oriented, with an applied design and using a case study method. 

Conclusion :

The “post-disaster housing design process,” due to its nature, includes all three generations of architectural design processes, including systematic, collaborative, and mental processes. Recognizing and redefining the “steps of post-disaster housing design and planning”, “roles and responsibilities”, and “managing the implementation of plans and programs” related to the systematic processes; “participatory design and participatory architects”, “participation in post-disaster design and supply of housing”, “effective factors, barriers, and facilitators of participation” related to the collaborative processes; and “architect- and problem-focused design factors”, “architect’s post-disaster knowledge and attitude towards the situation”, “redefining the post-disaster contextual architecture” and “ mentalizing factors of the architect and disaster survivors” related to the mental processes are the most important issues involved in the three generations of the post-disaster housing design process.

Background and objective:

 This study aims to analyze the network governance of safety and disaster management in Tehran by examining the laws of the fourth development plan and emphasizing the participation of key actors, including government institutions, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and local communities using social network analysis.

Method:

 In this study, 22 laws with 101 issues were extracted from the fourth development plan, and 47 involved organizations, including 26 internal institutions of Tehran Municipality and 21 external institutions involved in the safety and disaster management program in the areas of transportation/traffic, urban safety/worn-out fabric, cultural/social issues, and intelligentization/management improvement were evaluated. The organizations and institutions were considered as the rows and columns of the governance network matrix, and the number of times of cooperation between organizations and institutions was considered as the entries of cells of the matrix. The matrix of actors’ cooperation network was analyzed based on the degree centrality, betweenness centrality, geodesic distance, density and cohesion.

Results:

 The results of the analysis of the governance system of Tehran city showed the planners’ belief in participatory governance for solving the safety and disaster management issues of the city. However, the participation of citizens, local communities, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector requires improvement and expansion of legal cooperation such that the lack of transparency in determining the roles, responsibilities, and powers of external institutions of Tehran Municipality, such as executive, legislative and supervisory institutions, and absence of policies for facilitating and encouraging the participation of private sector, economic institutions, universities, scientific and research centers, local communities and citizens need to be addressed by legislators and planners. They should support the network governance in solving disaster management issues in Tehran.

Conclusion :

The recommendations for improving the governance system of disaster management in Tehran for balancing the distribution of legal power among the responsible institutions and actors of Tehran’s safety and disaster management program include: Strengthening the cooperation of municipal and inter-institutional actors to solve key issues of safety and disaster management; strengthening the communication network and continuously exploiting the capacity of academic elites and consultants; strengthening the mechanisms for the participation of citizens, non-governmental organizations and the private sector; rising awareness and strengthening citizens’ trust in safety and disaster management programs using social media, developing incentive policies to utilize the capacity and participation of knowledge-based organizations and new and creative firms in solving safety and disaster management issues; developing incentive policies for the participation of managers and employees; strengthening the legal communication of financial and economic institutions and financing projects; and transparency and accountability of responsible institutions.

Background and objective:

 Transferring injured people to medical centers is one of the important challenges of providing relief in natural and man-made disasters. Often, due to the damage caused by the disaster, it is not possible to transfer the injured to safe medical centers in the short term. Establishing field hospitals in suitable places is one of the common solutions in these situations. This study aims address the problem of location selection for field hospitals using mathematical modeling and asses how to allocate resources, including medical staff and needed medications by the temporary hospitals.

Method :

This study presents an integer programming model for the location selection problem. To evaluate the proposed model, the real data from Amol City was collected and used as inputs. The optimal solution was determined using GAMS 25.1 optimization software.

Results:

 The calculation results illustrated the best place for the establishment of field hospitals, which is located in Banafsheh Park. It has also been determined that each deployed field hospital should have 60 beds. In addition, the optimal number of medical personnel and relief vehicles for relief operations was determined. The sensitivity analysis has also shown that if any of the hospitals located in Amol is damaged and inactive due to an accident, Hefdeh Shahrivar Square is a suitable place to build a field hospital. 

Conclusion:

 The results of this study can help authorities in Amol city to make the best decisions regarding where to establish field hospitals and how to use the limited available resources during disasters. The main innovation of the presented model also is the location of field hospitals along with considering the active hospitals around the affected areas so that the injured can be transferred to the active hospitals in addition to the constructed field hospitals. In this model, a constraint has been applied to complete the service time, so that the rescue vehicles have a limited time to transport the injured to the rescue centers.

Background and objective:

 After a large-scale natural disaster, the lack of supply and unfair distribution of relief items can cause high human casualties and hinder the function of the humanitarian supply chain. Therefore, this study aims to present a framework based on mathematical modeling for the proper distribution of relief items among the affected areas in Tehran.

Method :

In this study, mathematical modeling was used for the distribution of relief items in a humanitarian supply chain at two high and low levels. For this purpose, a multi-purpose and multi-level humanitarian supply chain was first developed. The proposed model had three objective functions that were solved by the weighted sum method.

Results:

 According to the results, with the decrease in the supply parameter, the amount of unmet demand increased, and there was a shortage of essential items in all periods. This shortage affected the desirability of distribution among recipients and had a negative effect on the performance of the humanitarian supply chain and fair distribution. On the other hand, with the increase in supply parameter, there was a surplus of items, and considering the time window, there may be no demand for some food items, which can lead to their spoilage. In this case, an additional cost is imposed on the chain. 

Conclusion:

 The proposed model is suitable in the event of natural disasters locally in urban areas of Tehran (with a certain number of residents). The results of this study can be useful for managers to make appropriate decisions after disasters and control the situation.

Background and objective :

Urban security is one of the important challenges for urban managers and planners. In this regard, the passive defense approach in urbanization and residential constructions is considered by urban management as a way to cope with natural and man-made disasters and manage the crisis. The present study aims to develop a conceptual model for the architectural compatibility of buildings in Eslamshahr County, Tehran, Iran, with passive defense principles by assessing the compatible and non-compatible elements to provide essential strategies. 

Method:

 This is a quantitative-qualitative study. The participants were 30 experts in the field of urban security in Eslamshahr. The data analysis was done using statistical tests such as binominal test, one sample T-test, exploratory factor analysis, and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) technique.

Results :

The results indicated that the constructions in Eslamshahr are not so compatible with the passive defense principles; the level of compatibility was low to moderate.

Conclusion :

The conceptual model was based on four main categories, including stimulating factors, developing factors, leading factors, and supportive factors. The relations between these categories were set according to the structure of a car wheel, which can be the basis for using stable and safe architecture in constructions.

Background and objective :

This study aim is to find the optimal location form backup land uses from the perspective of passive defense in Urmia City. This is an applied, descriptive, and analytical study. 

Method :

Data collection was done using documentary data, a field study, and a questionnaire. Participants were 10 experts in this subject, who were selected purposefully. The network analysis process (ANP) was used to analyze the data. A dynamic and comprehensive model was prepared to locate fuel centers, fire stations, and hospitals from the perspective of passive defense. 

Results:

 The findings showed that Ali Gorge neighborhood and a part of the Hezaran neighborhood were suitable places for fire stations. Ali Gorge neighborhood was a completely suitable location for fuel stations. Moreover, the neighborhoods of Ali Gorge and Haft-Asiab were completely suitable locations for the construction of hospitals. 

Conclusion :

It can be concluded that Ali Gorge neighborhood has more suitable conditions than other neighborhoods for locating backup land uses. Therefore, special attention should be paid to this neighborhood by the city managers.

Background and objective:

 The city of Tehran is facing serious challenges in the field of disaster management due to high population densities and being in a natural disaster-prone area. This study aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses (internal factors) and the opportunities and threats (external factors) of crisis management in Tehran at the stages of risk mitigation and preparedness, focusing on prioritizing relevant strategies for smart disaster management.

Method :

A mixed-method approach was used in this study. The data were collected using a library method and semi-structured interviews. Ten experts in smart city, disaster management, and urban planning were interviewed. The SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) technique was used for the analysis, while the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) was employed for strategy prioritization.

Results:

 The internal factors had a score of 2.333, and external factors had a score of 2.351. Based on the strategic position and action evaluation (SPACE) matrix, the most suitable strategic position to address the challenges of smart disaster management in Tehran was a defensive position. After evaluating 23 strategies according to the total attractiveness scores in the QSPM, the following strategies had the highest priorities: WT3 with a total attractiveness score of 5.593, ST5 with a total score of 5.127, WO3 with a total score of 5.125, WT2 with a total score of 5.055, WO4 with a total score of 5.009, and SO1 with a total score of 4.988.

Conclusion:

 Based on the prioritized strategies, it is important to identify and monitor facilities and urban equipment with improper placement, particularly in areas with high construction rates, using online tools. Online databases should be used for locating and rectifying the positions of existing and future facilities. It is also essential to establish restrictive laws to prevent construction in flood-prone areas, and their implementation should be monitored. Furthermore, a smart system for managing worn-out urban fabrics should be designed and executed for collecting information on such fabrics online and registering the beneficiaries.