مجله مدیریت مخاطرات محیطی
سال دهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

As active landforms in desert regions, barkhans and other types of sand unevenness have always been affected by the prevailing climatic conditions. By moving to link routes, they cause noticeable dangers. Nosrat Abad-Fahraj link route is in provinces of Sistan & Baluchestan and Kerman. Due to the dry and desert climatic conditions, the main aim of the present study is to investigate the dangers of sandstorms and barkhans displacement in the mentioned route. First, employing Sentinel 2 satellite image (2016-2023) and remote sensing methods, some information about the geographical distribution and geomorphological diversity of the hills on a local scale was obtained. In this regards, four sandhills areas namely, Barkhans, Seif and Silk were analyzed in a certain link path and certain morphological changes. The results of the analysis of the images showing the amount of displacement in these four areas during an eight-year period are as follows: Barchan in region number 1 has displaced about 98 to 100 meters with the direction of south and southeast to north and northeast, in Silk sand unevenness in region 2, brankhes have displaced about 25 to 30 meters from southwest to northeast and annually, Seif hills in region 3 (north of the road) have displaced approximately 244 meters from west and southwest to the east and northeast and are developing towards the link route. In region 4, which is located in the southern part of Rig Yalan, the displacement amount, during the whole studied period, is about 210 meters. But due to the direction of the displacement towards north and northeast, it causes no harm to the route. For content confirmation, the region wind data at 10-meter-level and synoptic station were used.

One of the basic solutions to control and reduce the destructive effects of floods is to identify flood prone areas in the regions. Identifying flood sensitive points is one of the best methods for planning and identifying areas affected by floods. For this reason, determining flood-sensitive areas plays an important role in flood management in natural resources. For this reason, the current research is trying to determine the flood-prone areas in Isfahan province by using two methods of random forest machine learning and support vector machine and 3327 flood occurrence points. Environmental factors in four main groups including topographical factors (altitude, slope direction, steepness of slope), climatic factors (rainfall, relative humidity, wind, temperature), biological factors (vegetation and soil moisture) and man-made factors (distance from areas residential, distance from road, distance from agricultural land, distance from waterway) were prepared. The accuracy of the used models was evaluated using the area under the graph (AUC) and cross evaluation statistics. Examining the AUC index showed that both models had good accuracy, although the random forest model (AUC = 0.97) had higher accuracy than the support vector machine model (AUC = 0.86). According to the results of the random forest model, about 41% are in the high risk class and about 20% are in the low flood risk class. Also, in the support vector machine model, about 29% is in the high risk class and about 30% is in the low risk class.

The impacts of environmental hazards are one of the main factors of increasing vulnerability in protected areas. Therefore, identification of environmental hazards and vulnerability degree in these areas is very important. In this regard, in the present study, assessment of environmental hazards and vulnerability in the Hara protected area was conducted in the conceptual framework of the DPSIR model. In the following, after identifying the major environmental hazards in the region, the priority and ranking of these hazards were determined using the TOPSIS method. According to the results obtained, 31 factors are involved in the occurrence of environmental hazards in the Hara protected area. 24 factors are of human origin and 7 factors are of environmental origin. The obtained results indicate that the main cause of environmental hazards in the region is caused by human factors. In addition, according to the results of weighting and prioritization of environmental hazards in the region, the highest weight is assigned to the "severity of the impact" and the lowest weight to the "probability of occurrence" of environmental hazards. The degree of riskiness of the threatening factors of the region also indicates that out of 31 known factors, 11 factors are related to intolerable hazards and 10 factors are significant environmental The degree of riskiness of the threatening factors of the region also indicates that out of 31 known factors, 11 factors are related to intolerable risks and 10 factors are significant environmental risks. Based on this, the development of human activities and the continuation of the severity of environmental hazards can lead to an increase in vulnerability as well as irreparable effects on the mangrove protected area. Therefore, controlling these risks requires integrated planning and management at the regional level. In this regard, the results of this study can help decision makers and planners in formulating a management plan as well as adopting strategic measures in this area by providing a range of environmental hazards and the level of riskiness of the Hara protected area. Accordingly, the development of human activities and the continuation of the severity of environmental hazards can lead to an increase in vulnerability as well as irreparable impacts on the Hara protected area. Therefore, controlling these hazards requires integrated planning and management at the regional level. In this regard, the results of this study can help decision-makers and planners in formulating a management plan as well as adopting strategic measures in this area by providing a range of environmental hazards and the level of riskiness of the Hara protected area.

In the field of environment, The State may adopt policies that lead to destruction and serious harm to the environment. The justification of the perpetrators is economic and industrial development, creating employment, obtaining benefits for the State, Provision of current expenses and other similar factors. While these actions cause severe harms to wildlife and the environment. Therefore, a kind of It is considered an environmental State crime. Critical criminologists have discussed this issue and proposed the newly emerging concept of state crime. State environmental crime refers to seemingly legal behaviors of the State in major harm to the environment. Initially, this topic was discussed in zemiyology, (social pathology). Subsequently, the concept of State crime has been expanded, especially in green criminology, with regard to the seemingly legal behavior of State.

Earthquake, as one of the natural hazards, causes irreparable damage to humans and the environment, and assessing the vulnerability of an earthquake is an important step in planning, preventing, and reducing the damage caused by it. Khalkhal City has a high potential for earthquake occurrence due to the existence of many faults and seismic points. However, despite the importance of the subject, the evaluation and zoning of Khalkhal city's vulnerability to earthquakes has not been investigated yet. Based on this, the current research seeks to evaluate the vulnerability of this city against the risk of earthquakes. For this purpose, first, the effective parameters were identified by examining the resources and paying attention to the environmental conditions of the city. Then, the standardization of the layers was done using the fuzzy membership function and the weighting of the criteria using the CRITIC method. Finally, using the MARCOS multi-criteria analysis method, a five-level vulnerability map was prepared. The results of the study showed that the factors of distance from the fault, land use, and distance from the epicenter, respectively; With the weighting coefficient of 0.133, 0.120, and 0.113, have the greatest impact on the occurrence of earthquakes in the region. In addition, according to the results of the research, 24.53 and 15.83 percent of the city's area has a high and very high vulnerability potential. Also, based on the findings of the research, the cities of Kolur and Hashtjin, along with 28 villages of the city, have a high vulnerability potential, and Khalkhal city and 42 villages of the city are also in the zone of high vulnerability. Therefore, to reduce potential risks, appropriate planning should be done in vulnerable areas. In addition, according to the results, the accuracy of the MARCOS method is excellent in evaluating the vulnerability of Khalkhal City against earthquakes, with the level under the curve (0.86).

Human driven risks are the most important cause of tension between stakeholders. since the second Pahlavi, the local trustees who were the beneficiaries and overseers of water were left out of the cycle of supervision and governance, and as a result management-based risks was increased. Therefore, their identification is of great importance for governance in river basins. The present research was conducted with an analytical method and with the aim of evaluating the role of good governance system in managing the risks and tensions of Qaranquchai river basin based on multi-level governance theory and integrated management of water resources. The relationship between the components of the research including: the challenging risks of the basin in governance, basin tension and good governance and their sub-variables including 13 indicators were identified and examined in the field through a questionnaire of 80 beneficiaries and local managers. in the test of the relationship between the variable of the local good governance pattern and the level of risks in Qaranquchai basin at a significance level of .005 ,A correlation of -0.29 was obtained. which means that as the local good governance system of the river weakens, the level of risks in the basin increases. In the test between the tension variables and basin risks, a correlation of 0.36 was obtained at a significance level of 0.001 and it showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between the amount of stress and the amount of risks in the Qaranquchai river basin, and with the increase of risks, the amount of tensions also increases. In the tension variable test with river local good governance , the correlation coefficient of 0.09 was obtained at a significance level of 0.2 which indicated the absence of a relationship. It was also found that, considering the correlation between the governance variables with the level of risks and tension, the design, implementation and application of the model of good participatory governance and integrated management of the basin can be an end to the growing and complex process of risks in the Qarango basin.