نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 65، تابستان 1402)

The governments of developing countries noticed that environmental taxes, in addition to helping to achieve environmental goals, also make it possible to achieve other economic and social goals such as reducing the unemployment rate. In the past, policies aimed at minimizing the unemployment rate have a negative impact on other policy goals because they reduce private incomes, especially for people on government benefits. Therefore, it is politically difficult to implement environmental policies. However, for green tax reforms to be socially acceptable, complementary policies such as public spending cuts should be minimized to reduce the burden of green taxes on the private sector.

Green taxes lead to a decrease in social welfare and have a greater impact on endogenous public expenditures. Therefore, minimizing public expenditures as a complementary policy to promote the labor market effects of green tax reforms in developing countries will fail. Was.

As a result, policymakers in these countries should look for other ways to help them reduce the green tax burden on business, which in turn will enable them to implement environmental tax reforms.

In the present study, Spss26 software is used to describe the statistical population and research data, Excel software is used for the Dimtel technique and fuzzy Delphi analysis and fuzzy ANP software. In the second level, the fuzzy Delphi method is used using Excel. In the third level, Fuzzy Network Analysis Process (FANP) was used based on the constituent questions and variables. At the last level, Dimetal technique was used to check the relationships.

Remote sensing science plays a crucial role in the management of water resources, particularly in monitoring changes in these resources. Recently, Zarivar lake has garnered attention from various environmental organizations due to concerns about its future based on observed changes. The objective of this study is to monitor and evaluate changes in the surface area of Zarivar lake using remote sensing techniques.

In order to achieve this objective, Landsat satellite images from 1985 to 2015 were obtained and subjected to radiometric processing, classification, and extraction of vegetation indices. This allowed for the separation of the lake water surface from surrounding vegetation and soil.

Analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference in the change of water level in Zarivar Lake over the 30-year period studied.

Despite concerns about Zarivar lake's future, our findings suggest that there has been no significant change in its water level over time. However, it is important to note that sediment buildup on the lake floor and elimination of its margins have resulted in a decrease in volume without a corresponding decrease in surface area.

The identification of the intellectual property rights system is the basis for legal protection of achievements made with the aim of protecting biodiversity, sustainable development, traditional knowledge related to genetic resources, digital sequence information, etc. The effort to create a common understanding between the legal and technical fields surrounding the issue of plant genetic resources is analyzed in this research.
The present research is written based on library studies and descriptive and analytical method based on review findings.
Examining the legal mechanisms provided by the intellectual property rights system in the form of environmental goals shows the effective components in the protection mechanisms of intellectual property rights in order to recognize the economic value of plant genetic resources and legal protection of indigenous communities.Traditional knowledge in order to maintain biodiversity and public order and good ethics as an environmental requirement can be effective in sustainable development with the aim of protecting biodiversity.
The results of the research show that geographical indications as a system to protect the traditional knowledge of indigenous communities and biodiversity and the patent system as a suitable support system to support genetically manipulated genetic resources due to the provision of components and ethical considerations. The environment and the protection system for plant varieties as a special support system for plant breeders in order to create new plant varieties with the aim of sustainable development of plant genetic resources can be among the main mechanisms of intellectual property rights in order to protect the environment and sustainable use of genetic resources.

wrong locations and overloading in the steel industry have led to the creation of environmental problems by this industry. Wind direction, turbulent conditions and fluxes in the atmosphere near the earth's surface are among the most important atmospheric factors affecting the distribution pattern of air pollutants after leaving their emission sources. The purpose of this study is to model the spread of air pollution in a steel factory under prevailing wind conditions.

Using meteorological data, prevailing wind conditions, annual and seasonal windrose were modeled by AERMET software. Suspended particles as the most important pollutant in the area of ​​the steel factory were sampled and then analyzed with using the AERMOD model, particle diffusion and dispersion modeling in two time periods of 24 hours and 6 days.

The prevailing winds in this region are in the north, northwest, and southeast directions, and the highest amount of pollution is related to distances of 5000 to 20000 meters from the location of the chimneys and in the direction of the prevailing wind in the region. Also, the amount of air pollution caused by the factory chimney on a 24-hour time scale is lower than the clean air standard.

In this study, the effectiveness of the AERMOD model in the direction of better management and control of air pollutants and reduction of adverse effects on the environment is investigated, and appropriate solutions to reduce pollution are provided.

In our country, it is usually less common to have a lawsuit in which the general public is called upon by a government apparatus. But with a lawsuit filed by a non-governmental organization or a natural person, one can hope that the environmental lawsuit is on the way to maturity and development of the judicial system.This research has been written based on library studies and filing and descriptive method.
Among the findings of this study, a special section on the right to environmental complaint by a private plaintiff and a human rights perspective on it, expansion and development towards the realization of the principle of environmental litigation and also the approach of jurisdiction and environmental damage.
In this study, the necessity of identifying the right of a private plaintiff to file lawsuits and environmental defenses has been investigated and legal capacities including civil liability law, special environmental laws and procedural laws, especially in the civil field, have been considered. This seems to require a systematic framework.

Experimental environmental risk includes the probability and severity of a potential event that has an adverse effect on the environment. Environmental risk may, in addition to causing loss to the environment, also lead to damage to persons or their property. Therefore, in response to the complex and real characteristics of environmental pollution risk, the insurance industry has developed new methods to solve the problem of this particular phenomenon in the world. Environmental insurance is a tool to take responsibility for the environmental risks arising from industrial activities in which both the insured and the third party are identified in order to cover the related damages. This type of insurance is a market-oriented solution to reduce corporate operating costs, reduce government costs and advance economic development.

In this research, descriptive, exploratory and explanatory methods are used. After explaining the dimensions of the issue and providing an overview of the types of risks and damages caused by environmental hazards, it was tried to extract different types of environmental coatings based on international experiences. In order to achieve the desired results, the content of written documents and internationally documented experiences were examined and analyzed.

The requirements and structures required to provide various types of environmental insurance coverage in the country are not yet available. Implementing basic insurance in environmental pollution liability insurance requires overcoming some problems. These problems are usually related to factors that complicate the insurance process. Therefore, considering that no comprehensive research has been conducted in this field in the country, in order to expand the insurance capacity in environmental pollution liability insurance and reduce the risk of compensation for insurers in the country, this study examines the risks and types of environmental insurance coverage in the global insurance market, the results of this research will pave the way for managers and experts in promoting knowledge and efforts to provide this coverage.

In order to expand the insurance capacity in environmental pollution liability insurance and reduce the risk of compensation for insurers, this study was conducted to be useful for use in the country's insurance market and reduce the economic damage caused by it. Therefore, the classification of types of environmental risk, the ability to insure environmental risk, the types of environmental insurance coverage, examples of environmental risk assessment and pricing models and methods of risk transfer were stated.

Nowadays, unplanned exploitation has acclaimed to be behind the wetland destruction despite their remarkable hydrological values and precious functions. As per Ramsar Convention's guidelines, “wise use” and ecological approach are solutions. In this study, the foremost purpose is presenting sustainability strategies as in order to recover Boujagh Wetland as case study.

The process of assessing ecological risk was performed through Risk Quotient (RQ). Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to illustrate the spatial distribution of threat factors. Determining wetland strategies related to sustainable development indicators, the Working Wetland Potential (WWP) model has been utilized.

Solid waste and effluent discharge, agriculture drainage influence, fish farming, illegal fishery and haunting, boating, and unplanned recreation were distinguished as significant threats on Boujagh area mostly concentrated around on the shoreline and along the Sefidroud River. Ecological risk assessment was conducted for frogs and toads, which are at the beginning of the food chain and relatively high resistant against environmental stresses. Cadmium and cooper risk scores were estimated upper than 1 that means very high level in both dissolved and sedimentation statuses, amongst all substances. Considering wetland functional potentials, three key strategies of "conservation", "wisdom utilization", and "public participation" were eventually recognized to improve and rehabilitate the wetland.

Wetland enhancing interactions are in line with essential human needs, sustainable tourism, mitigation, and environmental conservation. Current activities could be possibly adapted via flexible management and creativity; moreover, incompatible factors might be gradually eliminated by public participation.

Urban studies in Iran are mainly focused on metropolitan areas and the least attention is paid to the management structure of middle cities. In this study, while addressing this gap, policies and practices that stimulate the growth of inclusive, safe, flexible and sustainable urban management in mid-sized cities are examined.

The purpose of the research is applied, which is a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field studies. Statistical sample size using available sampling, 30 specialists with purposive sampling method was performed. SPSS software and structural equation modeling with partial least squares method were used to analyze the data. Smart PLS software was used to evaluate the conceptual model of the research.

The analysis of path coefficients related to the 8 dimensions studied shows that the regularity index (0.745) has the highest impact, followed by the indicators of responsibility (0.684), participation (0.661), justice (0.641), transparency (0.529), efficiency. And effectiveness (0.429), accountability (0.356), and then pivotal consensus (0.317) have the least impact on urban management structure.

The planning system and management structure of middle cities lacks a coherent and clear approach to presenting the future perspective, which is caught in a multitude of unplanned and inefficient ones. Structurally, slowly achieve the desired development.

Oil and gas production units emit large amounts of air pollutants due to combustion processes and burning of oil and gas wastes and endanger the health of the environment and people. Considering the extent of the activity of this industry in Khuzestan province, in the current study, the range of influence of the flares of the flares of the West Ahvaz oil and gas exploitation complex (number 3) in the winter of 2018 has been investigated.

To carry out this study, NO2, CO2, SO2, CO gases were measured in four directions: north, south, west and east and at distances of 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 meters by direct reading devices.

NO2, O3, SO2, and CO gas were higher than the standard in the distances near the flare, and PM2.5 and PM10 suspended particles were more than the standard at a distance of 3000 meters from the roads. Regarding PM2.5 and PM10 particles, the results showed that 79.16% of the points were in unhealthy condition for the sensitive and unhealthy groups and 75% of the points were in healthy condition, respectively, more than 83.33% of the measured points in the case of two So2 gas and 75% of the points in CO gas, 66.66% in No2 gas were in very unhealthy condition.

According to AQI index values, O3 and PM10 were generally unhealthy to very unhealthy, and SO2 gas and PM2.5 particles were in worse condition compared to others.

Today, women are present in society like men. But they do not have enough power to choose their desired territory and as vulnerable groups, their value and position in urban spaces are ignored and they do not have a favorable environmental territory to use and enjoy urban spaces. This research seeks to introduce the components that affect the creation of a desirable territory for women.

The research method is phenomenological and has an explanatory-inferential approach. The type of study is qualitative and the studies have been done in both field and library methods and semi-in-depth interviews have been used. The sampling method is purposeful and we do not have a fixed sample size and sampling of people with different views after starting with the minimum number, continued until it reached theoretical saturation. Accordingly, the total number of interviewees in the three parks of Ail Goli, Valiasr Park and Shams Women's Park in Tabriz was 18 people.

Based on women's statements, general phenomena were identified and extracted and their relationship was determined. Finally, the most important indicators that cover the most components in their subset were extracted, which include 9 indicators of quality, interaction, vitality, security, privacy, determinism, mind-psyche, sense of belonging, choice.

As a result, according to the research findings, eliminating the deficiencies needed by women in urban parks in terms of extracted components, will be of great help in improving the desirability of the environmental territory of this particular group.