مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 73 (زمستان 1402)

The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of its practical purpose and method. The data collection tools are questionnaires and interviews from a selected sample of 362 households. The selected sample was selected from the statistical community of rural households involved and not involved in Warza Jang, Koch Safhan district, Belsabneh district (N = 5819) using Cochran's formula and quota sampling method. Independent t-test and structural equation modeling test were used to analyze the data. The results of the independent t-test showed that the economic effects of gambling among the households involved in the war were more than the non-involved households, and indicators of financial helplessness with an average of 3.16, unusual distribution of money with an average of 3.10, and debt with an average of 2.87 It has had the greatest effects on rural households. Also, the results of the structural equations show that the component of random wealth with an impact factor of 0.83 has received the greatest impact from gambling, and indicators of financial helplessness with an impact factor of 0.76, financial problems with an impact factor of 0.60, and financial instability with an impact factor of 59. 0.0 has had an indirect effect on the unstable economic conditions of rural households affected by gambling, and the p value of all lambda parameters in the above model confirms all relationships.

Today, por ts are regarded as the entry and exit gates of every country, and their proper performance and high efficiency can play a very decisive role in the prosperity of the economy and changes in the spatial structure of cities and hinterland areas. To have one of the important factors in the evaluation of ports is their geographical location, equipment and performance, which indicates the difference in the level of efficiency, productivity and development of ports and, by nature, cities and hinterland areas. The purpose of this research is to identify, analyze and level, capacity, facilities and capabilities of the coastal ports of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. The research method used in this research is descriptive-analytical using documentary sources and reliable internet sites. In order to rank the criteria and sub-criteria, the BWM model has been used, and the MABAC model is used to rank the development level of the ports. After a general review and comparison of the criteria and sub-criteria, among the coastal ports of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman located in the Middle East region, 20 ports of Bushehr, Asalouye, Chabahar, Shahid Rajaei, Shahid Bahonar, Shahid Haqqani, Dammam, Doha, Hamad, Muscat, Rashid, Jabal-Ali, Al-Hamriya, Manama, Mina Salman, Sitra, Shoaiba, Shoveikh, Doha and Al-Ahmadi were selected for the purpose of conducting research. The findings of the research show that Jabal-Ali port, as the largest port in the Middle East and the world in the city of Dubai, is at the first level of development among the 20 compared ports, in terms of the criteria and sub-criteria examined; Therefore, it can be said that despite the fact that Rashid Port is considered as the oldest port in Dubai, Jabal Ali Port has been affected by internal factors such as oil revenues and government strategies and external factors during the last two decades. Like the regional and global forces such as container construction, it has the highest level of development. This issue has been able to affect the development of commercial, recreational and oil port infrastructures on the coast of Dubai metropolis.

Space is a multidimensional, boundless realm in which the relative position of phenomena is reflected. During the last few decades, the water level of Lake Urmia has decreased drastically. Lake Urmia, as a geographical device and a complex system, has been affected by natural and anthropogenic factors, as visible and hidden layers. In order to check the water storage threshold of dams in reducing the water level of Lake Urmia, we first prepared the desired data bank: DEM of the basin, data from climatology stations, discharge of hydrometric stations and dam information. We estimated the linear relationships between altitude and Temperature and precipitation and altitude in SPSS software. Considering climatology stations and dams as output points, we extracted several sub-basins. We estimated the volume of water inflow into the basins without a hydrometric station using Justin's method; We also analyzed the percentage of annual discharge compared to annual precipitation and changes in the water storage volume of dams. The results indicate that the reservoir volume of 46 dams in 12 sub-basins (1628.68 million cubic meters) accounts for about 21% of the total volume of basin runoff; This number was 13% until 1996 and reached 21.8% in 2013. In 1970, with the construction of the Mahabad dam with a reservoir volume of 197.8 million cubic meters, the reservoir volume of the dams exceeded the environmental threshold; it caused the lake's water level to decrease irreversibly. Examining the volume of the dam reservoir according to the volume of water intake and the volume of rainfall in the basins of the dams shows that out of the 41 dams, the reservoirs of 28 dams are built according to the rainfall potential of the basin. The ratio of reservoir volume to rainfall volume of 33 dams has very favorable conditions, and 6 dams have favorable conditions.

The tourism industry is rapidly adapting to new conditions and the growth of online and smart technologies. Since user-generated content provides relevant data to find out about the image of a destination among tourists, this study aimed to investigate the status of Iran’s destination image on TripAdvisor, one of the most popular online tourism platforms. The study adopted a quantitative content analysis research method. To cover different opinions, two important parts of this website, namely Things to Do and Iran Travel Forum, were considered as the statistical population in the three-year period from 2019 to the beginning of 2022. Multistage random cluster sampling was used, and coding was done by coders based on the compiled codebook. The content of TripAdvisor social network was analyzed in three cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. The findings indicated that potential foreign tourists are most concerned about Iran’s infrastructural affairs, especially transportation, visa, currency exchange, and sometimes hosting business services. Signs of insufficient information, lack of access to up-to-date and comprehensive information online, contradictions in available information, and instability of procedures in the field of visa issuance and transportation services can also be seen in these contents. Although users considered Iran’s tangible heritage and historical and cultural attractions very attractive, the connection of these attractions with the human and social attractions of contemporary host society had brought a double surprise and attraction.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the spatial distribution of housing prices and explain the effective social, economic, physical and environmental factors in Zahedan city (five study areas). This research is of an applied type, with a descriptive-analytical research method, and its target population is the citizens of Zahedan who are 18 years old and above. Data collection was done by survey method and two-stage random sampling with researcher-made questionnaire and semi-structured interview. Statistical analysis showed that the accuracy of this leveling is about 90% consistent with reality. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (78). First hypothesis: housing price has a significant relationship with social indicators. Second hypothesis: housing price has a significant relationship with physical indicators.The findings showed; In the whole city of Zahedan, the price of a residential unit has a correlation of 13%, 16%, 14% and 18% with the social indicators of the household dimension, the number of children, the level of trust in the locals, and the number of households in the residential unit, respectively (insignificant and insignificant). However, the housing price in Zahedan was correlated with the indicators of neighborhood security and quality of life by 40% and 54%. Meanwhile, the correlation of housing price with three physical indicators of access to higher education services, access to stores and large shopping centers, quality of garbage collection and surface water, is equal to 68%, 58% and 51%, respectively.

In order to create a balanced and sustainable development, it can be of special importance to examine living conditions and peace and prosperity both in cities and in villages. The purpose of this research is to study people's participation in the improvement of rural environments. The context of this study is to investigate the effect of reverse migration on the improvement of rural environments.

The research method is ground theory. The data is the result of a semi-structured interview with 15 informed people, including the village council, village trustees and benefactors, school principals in Mehrabad village, Ardestan city. The method of selection is targeted and accessible and determining their number is to reach the saturation stage.

two central paradigm models "textural-structural changes" and "elderly reverse migration" were chosen as two central phenomena. The selected paradigm of this research is "participatory development". Participatory development means the participants' understanding and lived experience of village improvement and the positive points of the phenomenon of reverse migration. The feeling of belonging to the village and the utilitarian and profit-oriented choice are considered to be the main causal conditions in the phenomenon of participatory development. Providing government support and allocating loans with low interest rates are the conditions that intervene in this phenomenon. According to the participants, the quantity and quality of participation in the improvement of the village can be increased by clarifying the financial sums of participation, as well as by appreciating and thanking and highlighting the participants through the virtual networks of the village.

Villagers have a positive view of reverse migration and people's participation in these migrations. According to them, improvement in villages is done by increasing the population and increasing people's contributions, both financially and non-financially, as well as by attracting government support.

Different pressure centers and synoptic systems affect Iran's climate, and their changes can have significant climatic consequences. In this research, the trend of long-term changes in the number of coupled low-pressure of Mediterranean -Red Sea, as coupled low-pressure centers effective on Iran's rainy climate, was investigated. For this purpose, the geopotential height data of 1000 hp for the 40-year statistical period from 1987 to 2018 was extracted from the European Medium-Term Weather Forecast Center (ECMWF). In total, during this period, 97 low-pressure centers of the Mediterranean-Red Sea circulation were formed over the region. Based on the non-parametric method of chi-square test (chi-score), the trend of cyclone frequency changes was investigated. The results showed that during the investigated period, the number of coupled low-pressure of Mediterranean -Red Sea did not experience statistically significant changes in terms of decades and two semi-statistics. In examining changes on a smaller scale, cross-sectional changes were observed in four-year and two-year periods.

The shape of the surface is important for geomorphologists because the morphology influences other environmental components. One of the important environmental variables that strongly influence is the Snow-Cover Duration on elevations. SCDura in mountain reservoirs has a direct effect on temperature, hydrological, erosion, vegetation, and biological feedbacks, and as a result of studying the interaction of the topographic surface of the earth with the durability of snow cover, it becomes necessary and important.In this research, the relationship between the geomorphological components of the elevation, slope, and aspect with the max Snow-Cover Duration was calculated and investigated based on the data of Aqua and Terra satellites in the statistical period of 2003 to 2021. The Modis daily snow products named MOD10A1 and MYD10A1 were used for this purpose. The data was downloaded from NASA's official site and was prepared in the main database. In the first step, the data was binarized based on a threshold of 50%, then, the effect of the cloudiness was reduced using a spatial and temporal filter. Then, the data from Terra and Aqua satellites were combined and, the Max Snow-Cover Duration per cell in the raster network was calculated on an annual basis. The relationship between Max Snow-Cover Duration and elevational bands was investigated. The trend of changes in the Max Snow-Cover Duration shows that lower valleys and foothills of eastern Talash have a sharper decline. This situation can be attributed to human interventions, anthropogenic activities, as well as these areas locating in the transitional zone and to be more effective from environmental changes.

Today, one of the positions that can play a significant role in the geopolitical and geoeconomic importance of Iran is a crossing position, and in this regard, the geographical position of the south and north of Iran with geopolitical, economic, security, access, and regional communication capacities and opportunities. and international, has been qualified for transit functions at different national and international levels, which has not been properly considered until now.Using the descriptive-analytical and survey method, the current research has studied the role of geopolitical opportunities for the development of the South-North transit corridor on increasing the convergence of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The statistical population of this research consists of experts in the field of geopolitics and international relations. Its sample size was estimated to be 40 people based on Cochran's model. The analysis of the research findings was done based on the numerical taxonomy model in Matlab software. The results of the research showed that the geopolitical opportunities for the development of the North-South corridor can be highly convergent for China and Russia, convergent for Tajikistan, India and Uzbekistan, least convergent for Pakistan and Kazakhstan, and non-convergent for Kyrgyzstan.

In the last decade, subsidence is occurring as a geomorphic hazard in a large part of Iran's plains, including Mashhad plain as one of the important plains. Investigating the subsidence rate and dealing with the causes and influencing factors for risk management is very important. Radar interferometry technique is a powerful tool in estimating subsidence with millimeter accuracy using phase observations. In this paper, 2017-2021 Sentinel 1A satellite data used in order to monitor the subsidence that occurred in Mashhad plain. The results of radar interferometry studies showed that 64 cm of subsidence occurred in the study area during the statistical period.The information of piezometric wells in the collection area and their changes during the period 1991-2019 were examined in order to find the cause of subsidence. The water level of the wells has reached its maximum decrease in the studied period. The highest drop in the groundwater level has occurred in the central and southeastern regions of the studied area. The lands of the region mostly include gardens and irrigated cultivation. In general, the highest rate of subsidence has been created in areas with a sharp drop in the groundwater level, fine-grained soil texture, and high alluvial thickness.