فصلنامه مشرق موعود
پیاپی 68 (پاییز 1402)

The absence of Imam Zaman is an important and important event in the history of Shia, which can be considered and investigated from different angles. One of the most important aspects is the reason for the absence of Imam al-Zaman, which has been reflected in many narrations from the Ahl al-Bayt and in the form of numerous titles. Among these titles that researchers have listed is the circulation of the traditions of the previous prophets about Imam Zaman.In this article, several relevant narrations, especially Sadir's narration of Imam Sadiq, have been evaluated for evidence and meaning, and by using detailed analysis of words and phrases, the relationship of these narrations with the issue of the reasons for the absence of the Imam of the time has been explained. Based on this, although it does not contain a clear statement about the causes of backsliding, but if according to the Imam's statement, "the cause of backsliding of the Imam of the time is the flow of the traditions of the previous prophets, that is, the same causes and reasons, or the same characteristics in It also existed here, and therefore, the absence of Imam Zaman has also been realized." Now, if we found the reason for the absence of previous prophets by using other traditions; We can also mention them for the absence of Imam Zaman. As a result, this title (finding the tradition of previous prophets) can also be useful and effective to a certain extent in the comprehensive analysis of the causes of the occultation of the Imam of the time, but according to the rational comprehensive analysis of the causes of occultation, it will be the comprehensive title of other factors and causes of occultation.

The issue of Mahdaviat, in addition to the fact that it has attracted the attention of all heavenly religions and every religion has not been indifferent to it, is one of the most prominent ideas among the Islamic sects, which has always been criticized by critics. From the period of minor occultation of Hazrat Hojjat to this, the Muslim Ummah faced a great test, some of them remained steadfast in their belief about the Imamate, Mahdaviat and life of Hazrat Mahdi in the midst of all the turmoil, and some criticized this belief and raised objections. In this regard, they raised This issue caused thinkers like Sheikh Mofid to defend the school of Ahl al-Bayt, especially the issue of Mahdaviat, by using the method of rational and narrative arguments, and sometimes a mixture of both, and with the help of the scholars and principles. An attempt has been made to analyze the methodology of Sheikh Mofid in response to the doubts of Mahdaviat through a descriptive-analytical method. Examining Sheikh's method in answering the doubts of Mahdaviat, in addition to being effective in institutionalizing the deepening of research on the issue of Mahdaviat, offers suitable models for the present thinkers in relation to critics' objections.

Babbitt and Baha'it are one of the contemporary Muthamadi and Muntabi currents, which based on the claim that their leaders are Umayyad and the need for religions to adapt to the times, in their speeches and writings and propaganda, they talk about innovation and uniqueness in their claims, doctrines and rulings, and with this tactic they are following the common people. Deception and ineffectiveness of divine religions to inculcate their righteousness to their audience by denying Islam and previous religions. Based on the descriptive-analytical research method, while explaining the claims of Babism and Bahaism in the subject of innovation and innovation, this article reveals the historical, literary, theological, jurisprudential, methodological and structural evidences that indicate that these two currents follow the example of the previous difference. According to Hossein Ali Nouri's teachings, the existence of this contradiction alone is enough to negate the prophethood, mission, and divinity of the leaders of Babism and Bahaism and invalidate their claims.

The presentation of deeds is a prominent religious teaching in Islam, supported by Quranic verses and numerous narrations. These abundant narrations, establishing a sense of spiritual continuity, render textual analysis unnecessary. According to this doctrine, aside from Allah, who possesses complete knowledge of His servants' actions, all deeds of individuals are presented to The Fourteen Infallibles, particularly Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi, at specific times. This descriptive-analytical research using library and software resources explores the profound question regarding the philosophy behind presenting deeds. The crucial challenge lies in comprehending why angels present our deeds to Muhammad al-Mahdi weekly, monthly, and yearly. What purpose does this action serve? Undoubtedly, Muhammad al-Mahdi possesses knowledge of all our past, present, and future actions. If he is already aware of everything, why must he witness the presentation of our deeds? Is it a mere formality, or does it hold substantial significance? Through examining narrations concerning the presentation of deeds and insights from scholars, it becomes evident that deeds serve multiple purposes. It serves as a means for Divine Hujja to acquire knowledge and provides grounds for accountability on the Day of Resurrection. Furthermore, it strengthens believers' sense of modesty and distance from sins, establishes a foundation for repentance and the supplication of the Imam for the entire Muslim community (Ummah), serves as a defined act of worship for the angels, and conveys the magnificence of the Divine Hujja's status to all beings, including the angels.

The issue of Mahdaviat is one of the most important Islamic issues, and because of its importance, the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) have warned their companions and the Shiites of the Age of Occultism. One of the most important of these issues is the issue of "hasty appearance" which, according to Imams, causes the death of a person who is hasty. In this research, we analyzed the meaning of the word haste and haste and proved that this word does not have a negative meaning but accepts a favorable or unfavorable meaning depending on its relative, and investigated the narrations of condemnation of haste in the emergence and We have considered haste in the matter of emergence "before reaching maturity and sufficient growth",Therefore, we have considered the haste in creating the foundation for the emergence and bringing this matter to the maturity desired by God Almighty as a good and desirable thing that is also desired by the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them).

Hadith and Qur'an interpretation have a long-standing relationship, and Hadith interpretation is one of the oldest types of interpretation that was formed to explain the divine verses. Among the verses that have been the subject of serious debate and disagreement among commentators in the narrative interpretations is the verse "…fakhla’ na’laika innaka bilwaadil muqaddasi Tuwaa ". God's commanding address in the verse has caused various interpretations among the commentators, and hence the importance of examining the issue is clearly visible. Why this order was issued by Almighty God has been the main issue of the research and by examining the interpretation traditions in Sunni and Shiite interpretations and hadith texts, it was determined: There are seven viewpoints that have expressed the centrality of the wisdom of this divine command. The most wide-ranging of these views is related to the type of shoes of Prophet Moses, which were made of "dead skin". The most widespread of these views is related to the type of shoes of Prophet Moses, which were made of "dead skin". Another point of view is a hadith of Hazrat Wali Asr (A.S.) who, rejecting the previous point of view, stated the reason for this divine command as "expelling the love of his family". The present research has been carried out by descriptive-analytical method and by examining the documents and texts of the hadiths of the two mentioned views.The most important achievement of the research is that it was determined: First of all, the hadiths related to the "dead skin" were written in Sunni commentary and hadith sources; Secondly, in terms of repetition, the frequency of hadiths of the Companions is more than the hadiths of the Holy Prophet (PBUH); Thirdly, most of the hadiths of the Companions are weak and fake in terms of documentation and text.Also, in the Shia commentary and hadith sources, the hadiths referring to "dead skin" despite having a valid document, but due to the following reasons, it was determined that those hadiths were issued on the basis of taqiyyah: Conflict with the Qur'an, disagreement with the Hadith family and the basis of Shia jurisprudence and the correct opinion is the same hadith issued from the holy region of Hazrat Wali Asr (A.S.). This hadith, due to "having an authentic document", "acceptance by Shia thinkers", "compatibility with the Holy Qur'an" and "compatibility with the family hadiths", is the preferred word in the interpretation of this verse, which is the wisdom of God's order is expressed as "Removing family love from the heart".

Mahdism and its foundations have had a great impact on the developments of different parts of Islamic history. The two currents claiming Mahdism started their movement by writing Mahdavi treatises to achieve their political goals, and to legitimize their movement, they presented it in a saviorist and reformist format. Muhammad Ibn Tumart and Seyyed Muhammad Fallah are among the claimants of Mahdism who claimed political and intellectual activity in the west and east of the Islamic world. Based on this, what seems important; examining the claims of Mahdism by Muhammad Ibn Tumart and Seyyed Muhammad Fallah using the messages of Azmayutlab and the Kalam Al-Mahdi. This research, with a comparative and analytical approach and emphasizing on their political messages, tries to answer the question of how the discourse of Mahdism was able to turn their intellectual movement into a political movement. The findings of the research indicate that the presentation of the intellectual issues of Mahdism in treatises had a great impact on legitimizing their movements. And with the help of Mahdism, they managed to turn their movement into a political power at first However, due to the political perceptions and distortion of this discourse and turning it into a tool for gaining power, later on, both currents declined.

Infants and novices are the most important assets of a country to ensure the future and continuity of the movement that the land claims to carry out. For the Islamic system of Iran, the future generations are the most important reserves of this path. Considering the importance of this period, the necessity of educating this generation according to national and Islamic patterns is worth noting. In this research, the researcher aims to investigate the important components of education, including the index of belief in the Savior, in comparison with each other. This research, which is descriptive and analytical, has been carried out by relying on content analysis and using the library method. The required data based on the desired statistical population, that is; He has collected Persian books for the six primary grades as platforms for the transmission of the country's culture. By examining the desired components, we come to the conclusion that despite the importance of giving hope and drawing the future for the future generation, the item of belief in the savior is seen in the lowest position of the frequency chart of this section. As a rule, the reflection of this component with such abundance, considering the type of attitude and claim that as an Islamic society, which provides a platform for Muslims and the oppressed of the world, is neither suitable nor worthy, and the need to revise these headlines in reprints or changes is mandatory. It is essential.

Belief in the appearance of a savior at the end of time is an original and deep belief that has been raised in all heavenly religions. The promise of faith or belief in the fulfillment of a promise in the distant or near future in which the ideal conditions of religions or ethnicities will be fulfilled; It is a comprehensive and universal thought. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of faith and heart belief in the philosophy of appearance and unseen on the culture of expectation of Tehran University students. In this study, a questionnaire was used to collect data. 421 valid questionnaires for inferential tests (T and Friedman tests) of research hypotheses were distributed among Tehran University students. The raw data was analyzed using SPSS and PLS statistical software, therefore, the general structure of the research questionnaires was subjected to content structure validity from the confirmatory factor analysis. For confirmatory factor analysis, standard factor loadings have been calculated. The results indicate that the faith and belief of the heart, the philosophy of appearance and unseen have a positive and meaningful effect on the culture of expectation.

The rule of grace is used in the science of theology to prove the necessity of Imamate, based on which, the appointment of an imam by God to guide humanity will be an example of grace And since God's favor is necessary and obligatory, installing and appointing an imam will be obligatory on God. The correctness of the argument based on this rule is conditional on the fact that the installation and appointment of the Imam by God is an irreplaceable and exclusive favor, so that its necessity is proven to God Almighty. But the interpretations available in the popular books of Theology do not have the necessary power to prove this matter as the minimum of the rule of grace. In this article, two new interpretations of Lotf rule are presented in order to eliminate the problems raised in the minor aspects of this rule. In the first interpretation, the frequent traditions of the infallibles regarding the uniqueness and irreplaceability of the position of the infallible imam are added to this rule. which is placed after the proof of the Imamate of the innocents, not among the proofs of proving the Imamate The second interpretation presents the human knowledge of his great talents and the necessity of the existence of a divine imam to teach how to live in an infinite life, a proof of the irreplaceability of the position of imam and the necessity of this grace. The second interpretation, in addition to being placed next to the proofs of the Imamate, preserves the rationality of this argument and the non-integration of the narrative proof.