دو ماهنامه بررسی های بازرگانی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 121 (مهر و آبان 1402)

Calculating participation index in global value chains has been very much considered and two calculation methods have been proposed. The calculation of this index in Iran and the countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation based on the commercial data of intermediate products and the experiences of successful countries in participating in these chains during the years 2008-2020 is one of the main goals of this article. The results showed that among the 56 Islamic countries, three countries, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia, with a participation index above 0.75, are countries with high participation in global value chains. The countries of Turkey and Brunei Darussalam have average participation in these chains with indices of 0.73 and 0.55, Iran is in the low participation group with an index of 0.38. The experience of Malaysia and Singapore showed that these countries have seen plans to be present and stabilize in global value chains in their industrial policies; The trend towards product complexity and production with higher added value and support for foreign direct investment are two common factors that have made these countries successful in participating in global value chains. Therefore, considering the importance of increasing Iran’s participation in global value chains, while adopting appropriate industrial and commercial policies to increase participation in chains, it is suggested to support small and medium-sized companies and put the necessary investment for more value-added products in their plans. Facilitate the presence of foreign partners in the country by revising the foreign direct investment laws.

Currently, imposing carbon tariffs is criticized as one of the factors limiting trade between countries. Considering the importance of dealing with climate change and the interest of countries in imposing climate policies such as imposing carbon tariffs, the present research evaluates the effects of imposing this policy under four scenarios of imposing carbon tariffs by the European Union, Japan, the United States of America and all regions. It has studied the production and trade in Iran’s target industries using the environment-oriented general equilibrium model of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP-E). In this regard, the 141 countries and regions and 65 sectors in the GTAP10 data have been divided into 5 regions and 9 sectors according to the purpose of the research. The estimation of the model using RunGtap software shows that imposing the carbon tariff on energy intensive industries in Iran. According to the results of this study, in order to maintain and develop the export markets of energy-intensive industries, it is necessary to adopt the necessary measures to decarbonize the production process of the aforementioned industries, including the use of new technologies, incentive policies, and carbon pricing. Key words: carbon tariff, energy industries on Iran, production, trade, GTAP-E model.

Today, the development of the tourism industry and its sustainability depend to a large extent on the use of information technology that exist in this field should be used to the fullest. The aim of the current research is to provide a model of sustainable tourism solutions with the approach of technological applications of Internet of Things in Kermanshah city.

This research is a qualitative research that was conducted in two stages. First, by reviewing the theoretical foundations and previous studies through the qualitative content analysis method, the solutions for the sustainability of tourism were identified and interpreted with the approach of technological applications of the Internet of Things. Then, to confirm the validation of the identified solutions, these solutions were provided to 20 experts in the field of information technology and tourism.

The results of the research show that tourism sustainability solutions with the approach of technological applications of the Internet of Things have a transportation dimension including the components of transportation announcements and special travel experience, information dimension including training and awareness, custom dimension Development includes the components of environment customization and service customization, the feedback dimension includes the feedback component of services, the service dimension includes the components of urban services and private services, the financial dimension includes the components of costing and cost reduction.

Organizations of tourist destinations should follow the example of successful countries in the field of smart tourism, to set up infrastructures to benefit from the technological applications of the Internet of Things. This work can be done by employing the expert manpower of these countries and using the services of smart companies in order to facilitate the mentioned process. It should be noted that the use of identified solutions requires a good coordination between the offending bodies such as the aviation industry, the tourism industry, the government and the and its tools, including the Internet of Things. It is inevitable and the capabilities and resources municipality and all related organizations and bodies.Conflicts Interest: The author(s) of this article declared no conflict of interest regarding the authorship or publication of this artivle

In today’s turbulent and competitive world, the survival and expansion of companies depends on their success in international markets. Considering the recent development of the pharmaceutical industry in the country on the one hand, and the importance of non-oil exports for economic growth on the other hand, the present study aims to investigate the impact of internal social capital, export commitment and experience on international performance with the mediating role of international learning and alignment in the pharmaceutical sector was done. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the research included all the managers and experts of the pharmaceutical companies active in export, and the minimum sample size was determined by Kline (2005) method, 200 people and selected by simple random sampling method. The research data collection tool was a standard questionnaire. Finally, 378 complete questionnaires were collected from 30 pharmaceutical companies active in export. The findings of structural equation modeling with SmartPLS software showed that internal social capital has no significant effect on international performance. In the following, it was found that export commitment has an effect on international performance through the mediating role of international learning and alignment. Also, the effect of export experience on international performance was confirmed through the mediating role of international learning and alignment. Therefore, it is necessary for pharmaceutical industry managers to improve performance in international markets by emphasizing the value of internal resources, developing new knowledge about international markets, and developing international activities in coordination with the goals and mission of the company.

Nowadays, most of the transactions are concluded in credit terms that impose the risk of non-receipt of credit on the seller. The risk may be due to two categories of commercial and political risks such as inability, unwillingness or bankruptcy of the customer. Although the information asymmetry may exists in both categories of these risks; it is more possible to occur in commercial risks as the credit buyer knows more than anyone about his intention to pay the debt when it is due. Also, he is usually the one who is aware of his insolvency and probable bankruptcy and may hide the information from the credit seller. So, to cover these kinds of risks, the commercial companies buy credit insurance. Credit insurance is one of the methods of managing information asymmetry between buyer and seller as a knowledge unequivalence between the two. By providing some tools for the seller, credit insurance can reduce the information asymmetry. In this research, relying on the library method and with a descriptive-analytical approach, an attempt has been made to describe the concepts and explain the subject, especially considering the novelty of commercial credit insurance in the Iranian legal system. The authors believe that credit insurers can have a significant effect on reducing this asymmetry by providing credible sources of information and additionally the possibility of monitoring their buyers. Furthermore due to their expertise they could manage the information asymmetry between themselves and their insured satisfactorily, often by using Contractual arrangement.

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the job crafting of marketing staff in the export sector. The impact of job crafting can be very high and impacts such as stability, flexibility, participation and performance in business. In fact, having more control over tasks and taking advantage of the unique strengths and experiences of employees will help them to progress in their work and feel satisfied, confident and happy. The present study is a descriptive research in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection.

Structural equation modeling technique has been used for analysis. The statistical population of this research is 210 marketing experts in the export sector in Zar Macaroni Company. Therefore, sampling method is available that due to the uncertainty of the statistical population, the sample size with a confidence level of 0.95, based on the Cochran’s formula of 132 people has been determined. Due to the survey and the lack of research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was first confirmed through content validity, then through convergent and divergent validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

First, a conceptual model was designed based on the theoretical foundations, which according to the theoretical framework, the three variables of active personality, personal initiative and work significance were considered effective on job crafting. Then, the results of the analytical section showed that active personality has a significant effect on job crafting. Personal initiative has a significant effect on job creation. Meaningfulness of work has a significant effect on job crafting. Undoubtedly, it can be said that the job crafting of employees has become one of the most important and challenging issues among companies, especially in the export sector. However, it is better to thoroughly examine job crafting for companies and organizations.

In general, the use of organic food has an essential role in food security and the health of the community, which requires proper information and awareness, so the question arises of how to identify the potential and actual capacity of organic food production, especially in the city of Tehran which provided the ground for its development and prosperity. In this research, effective factors in the viral marketing of organic food have been identified, modeled, and weighted. By reviewing 90 scientific papers using the Meta-synthesis approach affecting factors were identified. Then the TISM based on experts’ opinions was used to determine the model. Finally, by implementing the FANP, ranking and determining the importance of the factors done. Based on the analysis, it was determined that nine factors affect the viral marketing of organic food. These factors were classified in an interpretive model with five levels. The first level is the market conditions, the second level is the target society, the third level is technology and price, the fourth level is the consumer, the presentation method (implementation), and value creation, and finally, the fifth level is desire (motivation) and trust. Also, using FANP, it was determined that the presentation method, the value of the message, and the consumer are the most important, and the factors of price and market conditions were ranked second. This result shows that in attracting the customer, the necessary information should be given to the customer so that he has full knowledge of the product.