Agricultural Marketing and Commercialization Journal
Volume:7 Issue: 2, Summer and Autumn 2023

The increase the export of agricultural products plays a significant role in increasing the production capacity of this sector and the development of agriculture sector and rural areas. So that by increasing the income of the villagers, it prevents them from migrating to the city and creates the basis for investment in production. Therefore, in this study, the role of financial liberalization and trade liberalization as the most important policies of structural changes on the export of Iran's agricultural sector was investigated. The estimation of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) related to the data of 1995 to 2020 showed that among the variables, arable land per worker, Domestic credit to private sector by banks and stocks traded turnover ratio of domestic shares respectively with coefficients of 5.94, 4.51 and 3.25 have the greatest effect on the export. The total effect of each of the policies of financial and trade liberalization is 2.81 and -1.5, respectively. In other words, the simultaneous implementation of structural change policies will increase the export of the agricultural sector, so it is recommended to measure their effects on different sectors of the economy before implementing structural change policies and then implement them.

Nowadays, due to the number of advertisements and the increased awareness of customers, it has become difficult to communicate with them. They often do not respond to marketing stimulants and even consider it a nuisance. However, this research has shown that it is still possible to reach the potentials of customers with relevant and specific messages. To address these concerns and to meet legal requirements, the concept of pre-authorization consumer provides an interesting option for future engagement. This concept, called permission marketing, refers to direct marketing activities that require consumer consent for a particular company to contact the consumer. These messages are personal and relevant, beneficial and reciprocal. Permission not only has a positive effect on consumer response to interactive marketing activities, but is also a legal requirement for companies using direct marketing media. The present research, in terms of the practical purpose and the descriptive-survey data collection method, is based on correlation and in terms of time was carried out cross-sectional. The research model was evaluated with a questionnaire of 34 questions (based on a Likert scale 5-point). The statistical sample was account for 384 online customers receiving the services from the Rasht's Agriculture Department. At the end, among the 10 hypotheses proposed, two hypotheses were rejected and 8 hypotheses were confirmed. Privacy concerns were explained by 88% and permission by 50% in the model.

The purpose of this research is to identify possible and superior marketing strategies of Arad Rastin Adib Dana Company and to test the effect of superior strategies on its profitability based on the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) approach. For this purpose, the SWOT matrix of internal and external factors related to the process of formulating marketing strategies of Arad Rastin Adib Dana Company was prepared. Based on the obtained scores, it was determined that the strengths of this company have gained more total scores than the weaknesses. Also, the evaluation of the matrix of external factors showed that the total scores of the factors related to the opportunities of Arad Rastin Adib Dana Company were higher than the total scores of its threats. Finally, based on the matrix of internal and external factors, the superior marketing strategies of Arad Rastin Adib Dana company with an aggressive nature and the growth and development of sales activity for this company have been identified and based on Walker et al.'s model (2003) in the form of 4 types of market penetration strategies, Market development, product development and diversification were arranged and suggested. The results of the analysis of the QSPM approach confirmed and emphasized the use of internal capacities for internal development instead of the integration strategy (competitor purchase). In the second part of this research, the results of the hypothesis test also showed that the strategies resulting from the SWOT analysis and the QSPM approach have a significant effect on the profitability of Arad Rastin Adib Dana Company.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected consumers’ attitudes, willingness and behavior worldwide. This study aims to analyze consumers’ willingness towards green food products consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Respondents supported suppliers of green food products and being aware of the importance of healthy green food products. The purpose of this empirical study is to examine the impact of three component attitude model on green consumer willingness through marketing mix model towards green food products consumption in the Iranian context of explanation consumers’ willingness to be environmentally friendly. The research model is based on structural equation modeling from data collected from 352 consumers of green food products in Iran. The findings revealed that cognitive, affective and conative components have impact on green marketing mix model. Also, green marketing mix model as well as perceived quality have impacts on the green consumers’ willingness.

This study aimed to recognize the impact of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and interest rates on the index of economic freedom in Iran. The research method was practical and descriptive-analytical. The vector auto regression model was used for examining the research model and the Johansen- Juselius procedure was applied for determining the coefficients in the long-run situation. The statistical sample was related to macroeconomic variables and the index of economic freedom in Iran between1996-2019. Fluctuations of the real foreign exchange rate (RER) and real interest rate (RIR) were the independent variables of the study. The dependent variable was the economic freedom index (EFI). Financial development (FIN) and foreign direct investment (FDI) were the control variables. The data were analyzed using Eviews 10 and Excel 2016. The results indicated that fluctuations in the foreign exchange rates and interest rates have a significant impact on the economic freedom index of the country; i.e. as instabilities increase in the economic sections of the country, the economic freedom index decreases.

Today, consumption has become one of the most important global issues, so the importance of consumption is so much that some define their way of life based on it. Consumption patterns are stable social behaviors related to the consumption of various goods, food, clothing, and other cultural items in society. Therefore, according to the importance of the issue of consumption, this research deals with the sociological analysis of the comparison of consumption patterns among job classes in the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance and comparison with the country's tax affairs organization. The type of research is applied and based on an analytical survey method. A questionnaire was used to collect information. The results showed that the snack meal is observed more among the diploma and sub-diploma people. Less than half of the respondents pay attention to nutrients in food consumption. This issue is more common among men and those with sufficient income. The results showed that rice has the highest presence in the daily food basket of employees. On the other hand, the consumption of fish meat is less than other items. There is more consumption of soft drinks among the first occupational class and consumption of red meat among the sixth occupational class. People of the sixth class, who are part of the upper economic classes, consume less grains than others. The results showed that the attitude of the respondents regarding the consumption of foreign and domestic goods is negative only to differentiate themselves from others. Women (76.1%) use foreign clothes more than men (56.4%) due to their quality.

The present study aims to investigate the impact of economic complexity and degree of trade openness on gross domestic product growth in oil-producing countries. It applies a descriptive methodology along with a correlational research design. The relationship between the variables is analyzed using the data collected from the World Bank website and the International Monetary Fund. In other words, this research enjoys an ex post facto design, which is quasi-experimental. Moreover, it is categorized as a library, analytical, and causal study which is based on panel data analysis. All the oil-producing countries form the population of the study as a case study from 2006-2020, from which 10 countries are chosen as the statistical sample. The results of the study revealed that economic complexity and trade openness impact gross domestic product growth in a significant manner.

Environmental degradation has become a significant topic in the realm of economic development in recent years. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to examine the influence of natural resource rent and political stability on the environmental degradation index in selected developing countries between the years 2006 and 2020. This study aims to achieve practical objectives and adopts an analytical-inferential approach methodologically. The research methodology is correlational based on its essence and content. The statistical population includes all developing countries. In this study, a random sampling method is employed to determine the sample size, and it involves a case study spanning the years from 2006 to 2020, with a sample of 20 developing countries. Data collection is facilitated through the utilization of databases. For data analysis and result derivation, Eviews 9 and Excel 2010 software have been utilized. The findings of the current research indicate a significant relationship between the impact of natural resource rent and political stability on the environmental degradation index in the selected developing countries using a combined data approach. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that natural resource rent, energy intensity, and urban population have a positive and meaningful impact on the environmental degradation index in developing countries.

The energy gap of greenhouse cucumbers in this research was investigated due to Iran's large greenhouse cultivation area and the high input energy entrance into these agroecosystems. Accordingly, single-flower, double-flower, middle-flower, and multi-flower cucumber varieties were cultivated at distances of 37, 42, and 47 cm. The important achievement of this research is making it possible to calculate the energy gap by the yield gap calculations. The turning point is breaking the yield gap into its constituent units, which are caused by management and arrangement, and determining the role of each one in their share of the yield gap. The results showed that up to 104 tons/ha of yield gap was created in the worst case by choosing the wrong variety and inappropriate planting distance, which is equivalent to 83,000 MJ/ha (104 tons/ha) of lost energy in multi-flower varieties. This amount reduced up to 62 tons/ha in middle flower varieties, which is equivalent to 49,000 MJ/ha of lost energy. Indeed, agroecosystems achieved higher output energy by spending specific input energy, which is the basis for sustainable agriculture and reducing the resources lost on a large scale. Accordingly, in this research, it was found that by reducing the loss of yield due to the incorrect choice of planting distance and cucumber variety, we will achieve higher output energy by consuming the same amount of input energy.