پژوهشنامه نهج البلاغه
پیاپی 40 (زمستان 1401)

Today, the domineering system makes a lot of effort to distort the reality and change the place of right with wrong and oppressor with the oppressed by launching a cognitive warfare. To deal with this cognitive warfare, one should turn to Jihad-e Tabyin Discourse (elucidation or explanation Jihad). Explanation Jihad is not limited to a specific person or time; therefore, training the people on how to elucidate and provide explanations should be included in the agenda of the educational system. Considering the importance of explanation in the religion of Islam and the life of Imams (peace be upon them), the purpose of the current research is to present an educational model with explanation Jihad approach from the point of view of Nahj al-Balagha. This study was conducted using a qualitative and descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that in order to train people who have explanatory behavior (including speech and actions), the tendency to explain should be developed in them, and the tendency to explain is necessary for developing an explanatory insight. That is, for education based on Explanation Jihad, one should pay attention to the explanatory insight in the educational system. Therefore, some requirements were extracted for development of an explanatory insight based on Nahj al-Balagha. These requirements include raising awareness, being duty-oriented, encouraging questioning, promoting argumentative dialogue and debate, establishing authenticity and authority, adopting an audience-centered approach, considering situation analysis and timing.

To study a valuable religious text such as Nahj al-Balagha, understanding conceptual metaphor can be very important, but cannot reveal all aspects. The current research aims to investigate the existence or non-existence of the compatibility between the existing interpretations of Nahj al-Balagheh and the stages of meaning construction in conceptual blending theory (Fauconnier and Turner, 2002, 1998). This research is descriptive and its method is content analysis. The sample size of about ten percent was examined by stratified probability sampling method and with personal estimation. The findings show that in the translations and explanations of Nahj al-Balagha, the formation of different blending spaces in the minds of different commentators and translators can be seen. Examining different translations, it can be stated that probably the great variety of translations and explanations is the result of different spaces that have been created in the minds of different commentators and translators.

Examining statements related to power in ancient texts is an approach to understanding the political and management discourses formed in the context of history. Discourse analysis based on power distance can provide a profile of the political and managerial culture dimensions of an organization or society. The symmetrical land of Hijaz, with the formation of Quraysh's commercial trips, witnessed the emergence of the wealth foundation discourse, which temporarily faded with the emergence of Islam and the establishment of the prophetic government in Medina and gave way to another discourse; The new discourse was expanded and promoted in an unprecedented way during the rule of Imam Ali (AS). In the present article, which was organized with the descriptive analytical method based on library sources, two competing discourses were analyzed based on the indicators of power distance, and at the end the following result was obtained: Imam Ali (AS), while challenging the authority of the wealthy elite, opposed hierarchical relationships and advocated for intellectual enlightenment within the political and administrative organization. Fundamentally, he did not believe in maintaining a power distance. Based on this research, the result of adopting these strategies was the creation of an open political space for freely expressing positions and criticisms, meritocracy, and also a serious fight against favoritism in the Alevi government, which was unprecedented in the previous and subsequent governments.

Texts are always open to interpretation, but the use of codes is a linguistic ability, a branch of semiotics based on literary criticism that offers a different and more active reading of the text. Codes actualize the potential capacities of the text and decoding reveals its latent meanings. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, with an emphasis on the semiotic approach. Through this approach, an investigation was conducted on the linguistic codes of the 53rd letter of Nahj al-Balagha, based on the theory of Pierre Guiraud. The aim was to determine how Guiraud's linguistic codes were employed in explaining the content of governmental command in this letter and in expressing the relationships between officials and the people. It was finally determined that the linguistic signs of the mentioned letter are the result of the interaction of logical, aesthetic and social codes manifested in three axes; the commander has strong control over the forces under his command; Threatening dangers to a healthy government system; and the divine-human combination of governance. Logical codes in letter include the signs that deal with the human aspects and are clear and objective and are accepted based on human reason and logic and in most cases revolves around justice as a political strategy and a necessary executive plan. The aesthetic codes of the letter in the permitted rhetorical styles, metaphor, irony, and simile express the relationship between literature and art; they have expressed the principles of the relationship between the ruler and the subjects with rhetorical forms. Social codes of the letter, include religion, occupational groups, names, titles and tone of speech.

Establishing what is good and forbidding what is bad with the central goal of reform and education has been introduced by the Holy Shariah as a universal duty, and considering the close relationship of reform and education with moral values, one of the influential factors in this field, is to pay special attention to the statement "Tagafel" and "Surveillance". But how to use them seems to be an important issue because it is possible that the obligee may suffer deviations such as "improper investigations", "violation of privacy", "negligence and indifference" and "moral unrest".    The main goal of the present study is to explain the limits and boundaries of moderation in neglecting and investigating in the implementation of what is good and forbidding what is evil in relation to the two domains of "people" and "government" with a focus on the words and life of Amir al-Mominin (AS. The study was carried out using the analytical descriptive method and a practical approach to introduce the extent of religious and moral moderation and explains its theoretical foundations in such a way that in the internal affairs of people and the inadvertent errors of authorities, the decision is to ignore, but in order to preserve the organization, security, and the public, he spying becomes permissible and non-ignorable, so that the society and the government can benefit from its effects, such as knowledge about the need to practice moderation in  ignoring or spying on people’s personal affairs and the authorities.

Moral principles have an important role in individual and social life and are interesting in all aspects of human life, including business. The main purpose of this research which has been done using the qualitative approach and the thematic analysis method is to extract the conceptual model of ethics in business from the perspective of Imam Ali(AS). Based on research findings, ethics in business has three components: Insight-Perceptual, Individual, and Professional. Insight-perceptual ethics shows the depth and importance Imam Ali(AS) assigns to the principles of Islam as the main source of ethics and includes Monotheism, Resurrection, and Justice; Individual ethics, which is rooted in divine nature in Islamic teachings, has two internal/external and virtue/vice aspects; and professional ethics, jwhich are rooted in individual ethics, include components like organizational ethics and proper professional management. One of the important results of the present study is that belief in the resurrection, from the perspective of Imam Ali(AS), has special importance in business ethics.