مجله حقوق کودک
پیاپی 13 (بهار 1401)

Familiarization of Iranians with the political and social structures of the West laid the foundation for the formation of modern ideas in Iran; the first clear example of it can be seen in the Iranian constitution. The formation of the constitutional system caused changes in the social-cultural fields as well as in the political field; Attention to issues such as citizenship rights, women's rights and children's rights are among them.

The present research was collected using a qualitative method using the content analysis technique.

The investigation of fictional sources in the dual representation and creation of children's rights in fiction literature from the constitutional period (1285) to the end of the first Pahlavi period (1320) shows that after the constitution and at the same time as the modern state was formed in Iran, some limited social policies It has also been done in relation to children's rights. In the fiction literature of this period in relation to children's rights, three issues of dropping out of education, child marriage and children of divorce have received the most attention; Also, in the construction of childhood, a child with social rights has been introduced who, while enjoying modern education, experiences childhood during his childhood.

The representation of discriminations regarding children's rights in these fictional texts and the discussion of children's rights after that has created social understanding regarding children's rights in Iranian society. The expansion of this social understanding has played an important role in social policies regarding children's rights in Iran from 1285 to 1320.

Emotional dependence between family members gives them the right to live together and enjoy being together. When the parents separate from each other for any reason, the child loses the possibility of living with both of them at the same time, and in this case, through the right of custody and visitation; he still maintains the possibility of benefiting from the existence of his parents. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the visitation and custody rights, emphasizing the National Child and Adolescent Rights Document.

The present fundamental article has been done in the documentary-library method in the descriptive-analytical type and by studying the internal laws and regulations.

The word "child" or "infant" does not have a precise definition in the various laws and regulations in the country, and some judges have considered girls after the age of nine to be outside the title of children and they do not enter into custody or visitation disputes.

According to the spirit of the laws, it does not seem logical to deprive a nine-year-old child of the right to custody. For this reason, after examining this issue in the existing laws and regulations, it seems that, as dictated by custom and equity and also based on the articles mentioned in the National Document on the Rights of Child and Adolescent, children and adolescents need custody and guardianship and the competent court has the ability to investigate and determine duties in relation to them.

In cyberspace due to its features and capacities such as cross-border, attractiveness, great variety, anonymity of users and also the ease of doing, people easily commit crimes. Therefore, considering these characteristics, we see a significant increase in the number of crimes committed by children and teenagers in this area. Considering the poor culture and education of the correct use of new technology opportunities, in less developed countries, this has become a serious threat in the process of children's socialization. In this regard, by developing child rights clinics as much as possible, their capacity to enter into various issues related to children's rights; including education and promotion of children's rights in the field of cyber, counseling, legal assistance, psychological counseling, social work and the management of children's threatening injuries in cyber space, which are actually the philosophy of establishing child rights clinics.

This research was written with descriptive analytical method and using library sources.

The findings indicate that, while Iran's legislative system has many gaps in criminal and legal protection of children and adolescents in cyberspace, besides children, in many cases, adults also do not have much media literacy. In order to solve these problems, child rights clinics and affiliated and responsible organizations should take effective measures to educate them.

Children's rights clinics can protect the rights of children and adolescents by raising awareness about cybercrimes and explaining the criminal nature of these behaviors to children and teaching them the correct use of cyberspace and managing this space according to the model of leading countries in this field. Defend this area and reduce the crime rate in cyber space by these people.

Children's rights clinics are new, knowledge-oriented and functional entities that pursue the provision of children's rights through various means while interacting with children, parents and various institutions. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of these clinics in teaching child rights courses to parents and legal guardians.

The present study is of theoretical type by descriptive-analytical method and the method of data collection is library.

One of the most important aspects of the existence of children's rights clinics is education and culture-building in relation to children's rights and the transfer of concepts contained in international documents and domestic legal laws and procedures around children. In order to stabilize and develop the position of child rights clinics, legal powers and platforms are needed along with the allocation of facilities and appropriate budget. Article 43 of the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents is one of the important platforms that have been prepared in the current laws for the connection and synergy between clinics and the judicial system and parents and especially the legal guardians of adopted children. Based on this, the judge can oblige parents, legal guardians of children and adolescents or other persons related to the case to participate and obtain a certificate of educational courses on children and adolescents law in all the stages of the proceedings.

Children's law clinics can play an important role in providing training courses and being a reference for legal services. Developing Article 43 of the Child Protection Law and using it to educate parents about children's rights in all proceedings related to children and even outside the judicial framework seems important and necessary.

Children always need the support of the parents, legislator and society due to their natural and social limitations. From this point of view it is obvious to try to fulfill their rights. In the Convention on the Rights of the Child approved in 1989 which Iran has also acknowledged it and in Iran's legal system there have been changes in criminal views and important achievements in the field of Proceedings of children and adolescents in recent years. In line with these achievements establishing child rights clinics as a center for children's specialized training and advisory affaires, is considered as an important step towards the realization of children's rights. The present study was carried out to answer this main question: What does the effect of establishing child rights clinic on the awareness of children's rights?

This research was conducted using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) and with the help of library sources and questionnaires as well as SPSS software, with a sample size of 384 people among married citizens of Tehran in 1401.

The results of testing the hypotheses and reviewing the available documents indicate the significant impact of child rights clinics on the awareness of children's rights.

Teaching and counseling children to protect themselves against any abuse is essential. Child rights clinics are a tool to create awareness and facilitate the implementation of children's rights in international documents and statute laws. However, the audience for the knowledge and education of children's rights is not only themselves, but the familiarity of adults with this issue is always emphasized.

Child protection is becoming important in every country. According to the rights of the child and other international treaties, all children have the right to be protected from harm. Preventing and dealing with violence, exploitation and abuse of children is necessary to guarantee their rights in terms of life, growth and well-being. Global and transnational child protection concerns, the presence of children on the street and the emergence of the phenomenon of street children in many countries of the world, especially in developing countries including Iran, are among the serious problems of these societies. In this study, the dimensions of violence against street children have been examined considering Iran's international obligations.

In this article, it is searched in a descriptive way to review the international documents and procedures of the government programs presented in the Iranian legal system for street children and provide solutions to support them.

The international obligations of the Iranian government, despite the fact that it has changed, passed and amended many laws, but it faces many obstacles in the field of implementation.

Monitoring the strict implementation of existing laws on children, including the Labor law, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Protection of children and adolescents, and ILO Convention No. 182, all of which have been approved, and an integrated network or system for the protection of street children which created in order to providing appropriate services to children is from the requirements of the effective support of the government in the light of international obligations.