نشریه حقوق و مطالعات سیاسی
سال سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

​With the beginning of the process of globalization in the West Asian region, from 2004 onwards, the United Arab Emirates changed its foreign policy to get out of isolation. This change was based on fundamental principles such as attention to development, economy and attention to neighbors in the matter of foreign policy. This country adopted these principles with a tool called economic diplomacy in the sense of using the economy to increase political bargaining power. One of the important destinations of this UAE diplomacy in the shadow of the neighborhood policy was the country of Qatar. The UAE has chosen Qatar because this country has a potential economic capacity and also has the ability to improve its regional and extra-regional position. Now, with this introduction, the main question of this research can be the economic diplomacy of the United Arab Emirates with Qatar. What challenges and opportunities does it contain? explained. The research method of this article is qualitative and with a descriptive and analytical approach. Also, articles, books and internet sites can be used as tools for collecting information. Since this research is practical It refrains from giving hypothesis. It is worth mentioning that by examining and analyzing the information available in the field of economic diplomacy of the United Arab Emirates with Qatar, it was estimated that the two countries have suitable investment capacities in cultural, economic and military dimensions, but political obstacles such as the attitude of the brotherhood of Qatar's foreign policy, Regional and extra-regional actors such as Saudi Arabia and others play a role in the challenges.

The principle of universal jurisdiction is a powerful tool in the service of international criminal justice. The principle of universal jurisdiction, under which states have the right and sometimes the obligation to prosecute and punish perpetrators of international crimes regardless of the place of commission, nationality of the perpetrators and their victims, has undergone a profound transformation in various dimensions. With the emergence of transnational crimes, the need for revision on the basis of territorial and personal jurisdiction has emerged. The concept of the principle of universal criminal jurisdiction, according to which the national courts of a country can prosecute a crime that has not occurred within the territory of that country, is not the subject of an accused or a defendant, and has not committed a crime against the interests of that country, has evolved in different dimensions. Crimes such as slavery and slave trade, piracy, racism, hostage-taking and air raids have been among the universal jurisdictional norms referred to in the article of the Islamic Republic of Iran

The content of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran can be considered based on two types of gender discrimination against women, which can be analyzed in two ways: positive and negative. Women have the same rights as men in the field of administrative and labor law, and it is emphasized in the Constitution. Article 21 of the Constitution, targets women's rights and obliged the government to guarantee women's rights in all aspects by observing Islamic standards. However, the requirement to comply with Islamic standards caused the   word political man to be associated with a gendered interpretation in the interpretation of Article 115 of Constitution, without necessarily having such an intention on the part of the legislator. The interpretation of Iran's Guardian Council in 2015  also did not help to solve this problem in favor of women's rights and to achieve equal political rights with men, and this discrimination remains in effect. The research method of this article is qualitative with a descriptive analytical approach and gathering information from articles, books and internet sites. The result is that because the majority of men dominate the administrative affairs, the interpretation of the Guardian Council has led to discrimination against women in practice and unintentionally, and although positive discrimination in favor of women is included in the Iranian  Constitution, but in the practice of interpretation of this Council; its effect has overshadowed and led to negative discrimination against women

The dissolution of contracts has many reasons. Some of the reasons for dissolution of contracts in Iranian and French law cause the termination of the transaction. Sale is a condition and condition is rescinded. In French law, the condition of rescission is similar to the option of a condition. It has not been done. Therefore, by using the descriptive-analytical method and by referring to the library and checking the available sources, we conducted a research in this field that basically what is the ratio between the condition of rescission and sale of the condition in the two laws. After the investigations, it was found that the condition of sale and the condition of cancellation are similar to each other in terms of the transfer effects on the sale and the price, but they are different in terms of authenticity and legitimacy in terms of narrative evidence, however, it seems that the legitimacy of the condition of cancellation Based on specific evidence indicating the condition of sale, it can be proved with a little tolerance. It was also found that the scope of influence and the possibility of cancellation of transactions based on the cancellation condition is more than the selling condition. In fact, the limits of authority to terminate the transaction in the sale of the condition are only in the seller's power and limited to the condition of transfer of the price, while in the condition of termination, the parties can cancel and there is no limit of transfer based on the condition of the price

Before September 2018, many people in the world did not think that the day would come when whispers of crime echoed in the atmosphere beyond the atmosphere and the judicial process, the jurisdiction of national and international courts and the type of crime would become a challenge for lawyers and astronauts. In 2018, Ms. Anne McClain, an astronaut from the International Space Station, was able to access her husband's bank accounts on Earth, and this was the beginning of whispers about the first crime in outer space, although at the same time NASA announced that it would investigate the matter . Based on the location of the crime committed, the courts of the country registering the space object will have jurisdiction to deal with the crime committed in the space beyond the atmosphere. The court of the accused and the perpetrator may also qualify to deal with these crimes in certain circumstances. The actual jurisdiction of the courts will also be determined by the type of crime committed. These will be considered in determining the jurisdiction of the courts by this investigation. In recent days, the International Space Station has repeatedly announced that it is ready to hold month-long tours of space by hotel and by rocket. The world is preparing for space tourism and the possibility of living in Beyond the atmosphere, and there are many space trips that continue to be discussed about crimes outside the Earth's atmosphere and the jurisdiction of the courts, as well as the laws and regulations on this matter are not enough. Especially since the country's internal laws and regulations will also be dealt with in case of crimes under the Islamic Penal Code. The present study, with a descriptive - analytical approach, seeks to examine the criminal law governing space tourist travel and the laws and regulations governing it, as well as the jurisdiction of criminal courts when a crime occurs in space.

Today, the centrality of military security is interwoven with biological and climate issues at the national and international levels, and more than ever, these aspects have received the attention of world leaders and politicians. In this direction and in order to investigate the major environmental issues and the impact of these issues on national security in a descriptive-analytical way and by referring to library sources and examining them, we are looking for an answer to the question that the impact of climate and environmental changes in to what extent is Iran's national security? This study showed that the security approach to the environment, in international law, has a fundamental place in the laws of countries. This issue has had a wide influence in the field of technology, business, industry, energy use. At the same time, work specialization and the growing role of social organizations in weakening the restrictions imposed by the environment have had a tremendous impact on the proliferation of security problems, and as a result, it has weakened the atmosphere of international relations between governments and sometimes led to conflicts. Is. This article also shows that in Iranian law, issues related to water shortage crisis and air pollution have an immediate and vital importance in terms of security and have managed to overshadow national security and authority