پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 52 (پاییز 1402)

Due to the increase in energy need with urbanization as a result of industrialization and rapid population growth, preservation of natural resources has become impossible. the energy generated particularly from non-renewable natural resources that are in danger of depletion. The authors believe that there were some principles of sustainable architecture in the historical architecture of Iran. Traditional architecture in the Great Khorasan has unique features that have emerged in response to the climate and social, and economic context. the continuous use of these buildings is The reason for survieying madrasas (schools) in Great Khorasan. Thus, in addition to the educational role, these buildings have been the residence of Tolab that called hojrah, which in a way makes it possible to use different spaces. Therefore, an attempt has been made to identify the principles of their sustainability by examining 20 madrasas in Great Khorasan in the Timurid, Safavid, Sheibanid and Qajar era. The research method in this research is a combination of interpretive-historical methods. In the stage of recognizing case examples and theoretical methods, the background is in the stage of compiling a theoretical framework and based on the logical inference, the components of stability in the physical dimensions of madrasas in Greater Khorasan are examined. The information is based on library studies. The results show that madrasas follow a single pattern; The central courtyard and the hojrah around it follow.

Over time and in the process of globalization, the structure and appearance of Islamic cities, including its architecture, has undergone dramatic challenges. One of the most important challenges is the identity crisis, especially the identity of Islamic architecture. The main purpose of this research in the first stage is to identify and analyze the identity and vulnerable elements of architecture in the process of globalization and in the second stage is to analyze the identity of Islamic architecture from people point of view around two holy shrines (Holy Mosque in Mecca & the shrine of Imam Reza (AS) in the holy city of Mashhad) by using visual tests and qualitative classification.Therefore, the main questions of this research are;1) How does globalization affect the identity of Islamic architecture and on which elements?2) Considering the era of globalization, how close are the identity elements of architecture from the theorists' point of view to the identity elements from the peoples' point of view?If we can anlayse globalization,we can see through the permeability of borders and the reconstruction of space and time and on the other hand the distinctive expansion of social media & culture, directly affects them to a large extent.The results of the analysis of identity elements from the perspective of contemporary theorists show that architectural identity is deeply related to the identity of its users. We have already examinined and analyzed the elements of identity from the perspective of popular preferences towards the two holy shrines

The experience of the predecessors in creating the architectural space and recognizing it requires the language of art. The connection between architecture and art creates a space with decorations and combinations with different patterns. Painting and architecture share the element of space. In modern architecture with different cultures, there is a concern over the relationship between past and present architecture, practically and theoretically. With the disappearance of some architectural works in the past, no information is available about them. By examining and recognizing the miniature works' socio-cultural layers, the elements and principles used in them can be identified, and these works can be introduced as evidence in the history of architecture. Herat School, an influential school in miniature, in which architectural components were used extensively, climaxed in the Timurid period. The cities of Mashhad and Herat were important cities of Greater Khorasan during the Timurid period. The people and rulers have considered the special status of mosques in Muslim culture and religion. This research aims to find principles for creating space in architecture and miniature. Using library resources, an interpretive-historical applied research methodology, and analyzing the construction of mosques in architectural works and miniatures; we recognize the principles of Iranian architecture. Miniatures and landmarks in Mashhad and Herat can be used as historical evidence to advance the result of this research and identify the principles of space creation and the effects they have exerted on architecture and miniature. These principles can be applied to identify other architectural constructions.

Regarding the atmosphere of architecture, due to its importance and vacancy in contemporary architecture, recently, a relatively large number of studies have been devoted to it. But in the meantime, the scattering of votes and views on it has caused that it could not have a clear definition and restriction for it. Sometimes a fixed component in different buildings has different results, or even the strongest atmospheric component alone does not create the right atmospheric quality in the building, so that even fixed atmospheric components in different buildings lead to different and even contradictory results. This possibility indicates the synergistic effect of the factors on the whole space. Factors in different combinations reach a different generality, and the effect of each criterion on the whole is intensified by the combination of other criteria. In order to investigate this, the effect of light on the atmosphere was examined, because most of our perceptions are related to light-dependent vision. On the other hand, light with its various characters also gives a semantic and comprehensible dimension to architecture. The study of light is most used in previous researches of temples, especially mosques. Generates new insights. After meta-analysis of the subject of the atmosphere by examining the conditions for creating synergy and its principles, it seems that light is very effective in synergizing with the characteristics of the architectural atmosphere, not separately but synergistically, in all stages of perception and cognition in perceiving the atmospheric quality of the building.

The most important features of the flourishing Iranian schools of art have been in illustrations for manuscripts, especially the Quran, in different historical periods. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics and distinction of the Qurans of Shiraz and Herat styles in the Timurid and Safavid periods. As its comprehensive statistics, ten Qurans in the Herat style and Shiraz style from the Timurid period and ten Qurans in the Herat style and Shiraz style from the Safavid period are selected purposefully from the Qurans that are kept in the Museum of the Astan-e Qods Razavi.This research is applied in practical model with the use of the descriptive-comparative method, based on library information collection. From the result of this study, it became clear that some similarities between the features of the manuscripts due to the artistic connection of these styles and cannot be cited in distinguishing their features.The most important recognizable items in Quranic manuscripts include the gilding of the verse Al-Fatihah al-Kitab, the presence or absence of the opening and closing prayers of the Quran, the combination of geometric patterns or geometric and non-geometric patterns, as well as the Islamic and Khatai plan, and the type of inscriptions and signs. Khums and tithes signs, color scheme and the use of colors are the most important features that can help identify the Qurans of these schools.

Kalat Nader County (situated in region 7 of the national tourism regions, Razavi Khorasan province) has long been spectacular and attractive to tourists and nature lovers due to its invaluable and unparalleled cultural and historical monuments and collections. One could argue that heritage tourism is a driving potential in this region, the activation of whose capacities could transform the county from all aspects and blow new life into it so that tourism becomes the central and most sustainable source of livelihood, the essential and most stable source of income, and the main factor in creating jobs and empowering all the members of the local community in the region; Therefore, The present Research conforms to the descriptive- analytical method, the present study seeks to collect data through secondary research and field survey to investigate said County from the perspective of cultural heritage tourist attractions including immovable historical monuments such as historical buildings, sites, and high grounds remaining from the Bronze age to the Qajar era in the region seeking to employ this approach to provide the grounds for actions aimed at planning to register these monuments in local, national, and world heritage lists, conserve (rehabilitate, restore, repair, etc.) their identity and authenticity, and introduce them to culture and history enthusiasts at national and international levels, and Provide a platform for brilliant developments in this area.