نشریه ارتقای بهداشت نظامی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1399)

Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic, a coronavirus disease, is one of the most important public health issues in Iran and around the world, and its control requires a coordinated international response. Public health measures are the most effective means of   controlling the spread of communicable diseases. And in this regard, the active participation of the people is needed. The spread of Quid-19 disease in the country, despite the problems it created for various segments, had many other benefits, including peoplechr('39')s empathy and the volunteer activities of various groups in dealing with the coronavirus, so that the epidemic of the disease strengthened popular participation. Public participation is needed to deal with crises. The health sector, with all its facilities and resources, cannot overcome problems alone unless it has the conscious support of the people. NGOs and public efforts can help the government provide voluntary manpower, medical and medical equipment, support for the vulnerable, and inform the public. By paving the way for increased public participation and philanthropy, we can do better to prevent the spread of disease, including Quid-19. Therefore, the culture of benevolence and benevolence in charity should be institutionalized among the people so that there is more force in times of crisis to provide relief and service to the people.

Warehouses are one of the most important, vital and economic resources of societies which have vulnerability in natural and man-made disasters and Crisis’s. These Crisis’s can have critical consequences for warehouses as economic resources. The aim of this study was to reviewing of the principles of safety and security of warehouses from point of the passive defense approach.

This study is a narrative review, which conducted by search with using of "passive defense principles", "warehouse", "security", "safety" and their combinations as keywords. Search of the related documents was performed in national and international databases that available online from 2006 to 2020. From all of the 45 documents, only a manuscript had included criteria for study was found.

Warehouses are one of the vital infrastructures for strategic needs supply. The passive defense is an architectural, engineering and strategic necessary for elimination of the natural and man-mode’s events and providing of the sustainable security in warehouses. Appropriate implementation of the passive defense principles can lead to elevation of safety and security and appropriate management of Crisis’s and thus Warehouses help in the proper management of Crisis’s. The results showed that for availability of the effective passive defense in warehouses, the adherence of strategic principals nine including site selection, camouflage, concealment, coverage, deception, dispersion, hardening, early warning, division and separation potential is necessary. Adherence of this effective principals lead to elevation of warehouses’ security and safety and helps to assessment of the passive defense criteria’s. 

Based on warehouses roles as an important and vital infrastructure for strategic needs supply, designing and construction of these places based on the passive defense criteria will have critical roles for needs supply and elevation of defense potential and national security in increasing threats. Therefore, using of the existing opportunities for correction and implementation of the passive defense principles in warehouses is necessary.

Drinking water disinfection is an essential process for elimination of the microbial contaminations. Water disinfection by chlorine compounds can lead to formation of Trihalomethanes (THMs) as a disinfection by-products and carcinogenic effects. The aim of the study was investigation of potential risks assessment of THMs occurrence in drinking water in selected military centers in Tehran province.

This cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted in 2020. Thirty samples were collected from urban and groundwater sources. Free residual chlorine, temperature, pH and THMs of the samples were measured by conventional methods in which GC Mass measured THMs concentration. The hazard potential of THMs was calculated based on THQ, TR and PTDI indexes.

The average concentration of THMs in groundwater and urban water was 2.25 µg/L and 2.39 µg/L respectively. The THMs concentration had positive but non-significant correlation with free residual chlorine, temperature and pH. Provisional tolerable daily intake of groundwater and urban water was 0.10×10-3 and 0.11×10-3 mg/kg.day, respectively. The target hazard quotient for all selected centers was 0.001 and the target cancer risk for groundwater and urban water was 0.32×10-8and 0.34×10-8, respectively.

The results revealed that in selected centers, drinking water had not health risks from point of THMs concentration.

In disasters such as earthquake, health services providing by hospitals has a significant role in disaster impact reducing, so, availability of the programs and incident command system in these centers is important. The aim of this study was comparison of earthquake disasters preparedness in selected military and non-military hospitals in Tehran.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was done in 41 military and non-military hospitals in Tehran using quota and simple random sampling method. Data were collected using the approved questionnaire and checklist in eight areas of preparedness. The data were analyzed by t-test using SPSS software with a confidence level of 95%.

The average score of preparedness for all hospitals was 63.78 % (SD= 18.88) which evaluated in moderate level. Comparison of the preparedness in military and non-military hospitals in all dimensions revealed that the average score of preparedness in military hospitals was slightly higher than the other non-military hospitals (65.65 in comparison with 63.18%), although in the overall assessment based on the level, each of the two groups were moderate and theirs differences were not significant statistically (p > 0.05).

Increasing the preparedness in military hospitals requires planning to strengthen the weaknesses in four dimensions, including: 1) safety of equipment and hazardous materials; 2) necessary medical and nonmedical equipment and consumable goods; 3) hospital training programs; and 4) support for critical services, in non-military hospitals in the following dimensions, including: 1) construction risks mitigation; 2) hospital evacuation and field treatment; 3) hospital environmental health procedures; and 4) disaster plan management.

With the outbreak of a new corona virus called Covid-19, negative changes in health behaviors, such as physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and sleep, have occurred worldwide. Since the beginning of the epidemic, travel restrictions, social distancing, and the closure of many public places have occurred. The sum of these events has led to negative consequences on the mental and physical health of individuals, which requires a careful study of its underlying factors. Therefore, in the present study, the relationship between changes in health-related behaviors after the outbreak of Covid-19 and psychological distress was investigated.

An online survey was made available to a wide range of audiences with the help of social messengers. The study population included all Iranian adults aged 18 years and older. Data collection was done in May 2020. Psychological distress was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21).Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). This questionnaire includes questions that assess the state of physical activity and classifies physical activity into three categories: weak, moderate, and severe. Data analysis was done by SPSS 20 software.

1400 sample (mean age 13.7 ± 43.4), most and nearly half of whom had at least one chronic disease, participated in the study. Nearly half of the participants reported a decrease in physical activity since the onset of the Covid-19 epidemic. Half of the participants reported no change in sleep quality, and most did not report any change in smoking since the outbreak of Covid-19. The linear regression test showed a significant association between increased depression, anxiety, and stress with negative changes in the combined behavior change score. There was health. This test also showed that compared to positive change or no change, negative change in behaviors was associated with a higher probability of increased depression, anxiety and stress.

Our findings suggest that negative changes in community health behaviors during the Covid-19 outbreak are directly related to increased psychological distress. Based on the results, it is necessary to take preventive and therapeutic measures for mental health problems as soon as possible during the outbreak of Covid-19.

Bio-aerosols are one of the most important transmitters of infectious diseases in hospitals. One of the most important ways to prevent the transfer of bio-aerosols in hospitals is the use of breathing masks. The ability to absorb the corona virus was examined.

In this cross-sectional study, 4 types of high-consumption masks were purchased in Baqiyatallah Hospital. Samples were tested separately by a sub-micron particle refining measuring device (GRIMM) according to ISIRI 6138 and American DOP. The efficiency and drop in air pressure in them were determined and the results were reported by.

In this study, the efficiency of internal mask fabrics in particles with a range of 0.3 to 2 microns varies from a minimum of 41.5% and a maximum of 99.5%. The highest efficiency of fabric screening in the studied particles is related to the white cortex fabric of the masks. The highest pressure drop is related to the black cortex fabric of the masks and the lowest pressure drop is related to the mask fabric of N95 spunband and Mellat Blon three layers (I98-2710-2).

This study showed that white mask cortex fabrics (I98-2710-4) have better performance than other mask fabrics for corona virus protection, however, they still cannot provide the standard pressure drop.

Every year, accidents and accidents caused by the pursuit of military motorcyclists cause numerous injuries to these people, such as head fractures and brain injuries. Therefore, achieving the most appropriate helmet to moderate the amount of damage to the head can significantly help protect the head of these people.

First, a standard helmet model was modeled three-dimensionally and was subjected to FEM numerical analysis by applying an impact load to the front of the head by Abacus software. In this study, two common types of foam helmet foam were compared. The designed helmet also had 2 layers and the human skull had 2 layers.

The maximum displacement in the helmet with the inner monolayer XPS, EPS and in the case without the helmet was 12.7, 14.3 and 17.5 mm, respectively. Similar numbers for stress were 185.9, 204.9 and 382.6 MPa, respectively.

The results showed that when applying an impact load to the front of the head, the maximum tension and displacement in the helmet with the inner layer of XPS are 10.2% and 11.1% less than the case of using EPS foam. Therefore, a helmet with an XPS inner layer is a better option to mitigate the damage to the head.