نشریه ارتقای بهداشت نظامی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار 1401)

Knowing the main components of treatment costs can help policy makers and decision makers in controlling treatment costs and reviewing insurance coverage plans. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cost of treating patients with covid-19.

This study was a descriptive economic evaluation study that was conducted cross-sectional on 28,997 corona patients hospitalized in a large medical center in Tehran. The data required for the study included the cost components of direct treatment in corona patients (drugs, laboratory tests, diagnostic imaging and hoteling) and socio-economic variables (age, gender, type of insurance coverage, marital status) Hospital accounting was collected. The analysis of treatment costs and its components was done using descriptive statistics and with the help of central and dispersion indicators (mean and standard deviation) and using STATA software.

The average cost of treatment for each patient with covid was 121 million rials. More than half (50.75%) of the treatment costs of Covid-19 patients were related to hoteling and the patient's stay in the hospital. After that, drug costs (28.42%), paraclinical costs (8.65%) and hemoperfusion (5.4%) had the largest share in the cost of treating these patients, respectively. On average, 33.6% of the costs were paid by the patient and 66.4% by insurance organizations.

In order to control and reduce the costs of Covid-19 patients, strategies such as eliminating unnecessary hospitalizations, reducing the length of stay of patients, and developing home care services should be taken into consideration by policymakers.

The tension and crisis caused by the lack of water is one of the major problems in Iran and the world. The available water resources are under threat with the increase in population and the water per capita is constantly decreasing. The use of wastewater treatment plant effluents for irrigation of green spaces, agriculture and other purposes as an alternative and suitable source is very necessary and must be given more attention. This problem shows the importance of proper operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants, especially the activated sludge method as a very efficient process with the production of wastewater with suitable quality for use in irrigation of green spaces and agriculture. Achieving this importance depends on the adequate training of local operators and the existence of necessary incentive and monitoring programs and policies. This article is presented with the aim of introducing one of the most important and practical techniques in the operation of wastewater treatment plants using the activated sludge method. This article is presented with the aim of introducing one of the most important and practical techniques in the operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants using the activated sludge method.

Fungal infections are increasingly common in the hospital environment and the risk factors for these infections continue to increase and can become a serious threat to the life and health of employees and patients. The aim of this study was to explain the principles of prevention of fungal infections in hospitals at different stages of construction activities. This study is of the type of narrative review study, which is based on a comprehensive search of the key words "hospital fungal infections", "construction activities", "preventive requirements", "schools", their combination in the database. Valid citations available on national and international lines such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Science direct, and Persian SID, Irandoc and Magiran databases were done from 1391 to 1401. Preventive health requirements were then formulated prior to, during and following the implementation of hospital construction projects. According to several reports, more than 5000 deaths occur annually due to fungal infections related to construction and reconstruction activities in hospitals and health care centers, and transplant patients who are infected with Aspergillus. They face mortality between 74 and 92%. As a result, it is very necessary to prevent the spread of fungal spores through activities such as construction and renovation and to prevent the spread of fungal infections in hospitals. Because these activities predispose conditions for the spread of fungal infections and increase in mortality. It is necessary to design, implement, control and monitor preventive measures as a main strategy in three stages, including before the start of the project and simultaneously with the design of construction activities, during implementation and after the completion of construction operations by the infection control team of the hospital.

Background and aim:

Lifestyle and personal habits have a special effect on the occurrence of cancer. Obesity, inactivity, unhealthy diet, water, air and food pollution and chronic viral infections are the main risk factors in the occurrence of all types of cancers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the lifestyle of patients with stomach cancer, focusing on their nutritional habits.

In this review study, to search and find available articles, from searching in national and international databases including Pubmed, Google scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, Magiran and from the keywords of stomach cancer, nutritional habits, style Life and risk factors were used. The inclusion criteria included studies related to the subject in Persian and English, publication date between 2000 and 2022, and access to the full text of the articles. After checking the quality of the articles using prisma guidelines and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 articles were finally selected and their results were reviewed.

There is a direct relationship between nutritional behaviors and the risk of contracting various types of cancers, and on the other hand, adopting appropriate nutritional behaviors and lifestyle plays an important role in preventing the disease. Consuming too much protein, fat, salt or meat increases the risk of stomach cancer. Contrary to a diet rich in fiber, vegetables and fruits play an important role in preventing stomach cancer.

Increasing awareness about stomach cancer and education about its risk factors is of great importance. Knowing the determinants of healthy nutrition, especially from the point of view of people who have direct experience in this field, plays an important role in designing intervention programs to promote healthy nutrition; Therefore, researches that can provide programs to improve the nutritional pattern of the society by relying on the real conditions and needs of the people are among the health priorities of today's society.

 Health promotion is a new concept in the country's hospitals, and the status of these services in military hospitals is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of health promotion standards in a military hospital.

 This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a military hospital in Iran in 2022. Health promotion self-assessment tools were used for the data collection, and four standards of management policy and program, health promotion of patients and family, health promotion of staff and the health promotion of hospitals and surrounding were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics.

 The average health promotion score in the hospital was 5.47 from 10. The highest average of standards was the standard of health promotion of hospitals and surrounding with an average score of 8 and the lowest score was for the health promotion of patients and family with an average score of 1.58.

 In general, the hospital's health promotion score was at a medium level. The low score of the standard of management policy and program indicates non-organized implementation of some health promotion activities in the hospital. Therefore, organizing and reviewing running activities, regular self-monitoring of health promotion activities, and designing interventions based on self-assessment are essential.