نشریه جستارهای سیاسی معاصر
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 47، بهار 1402)

This study, with its basic / theoretical content; With a descriptive-analytical method based on a conceptual theoretical framework, with the problem of "modern enlightenment and spirituality", is responsible for answering the question that: enlightenment; With elements such as wisdom, the idea of progress, natural religion, how did it give rise to the emergence of modern spirituality in the West ?The result is: Enlightenment with the transition from three different historical traditions (early High; and late) in three traditions (English / French / German) with three approaches: religious uplift, enmity with religion, and the transcendence and deepening of religion, The basis of the four tendencies / Deism / Fideism / Religion of the heart / Atheism in the context of Western modernity relies on (rationalism, pluralism / religious tolerance / desecration / denial of the revelatory aspect of religion / denial of the Lordship of God in the form of a metaphor of the watchmaker God .. The emergence of modern spirituality in the form of two slogans “(spirituality Not religion- -spirituality Not dependence)” has caused the emergence of modern spirituality.

The virtual world is a reality that overshadows the realities of real life. Two important areas of virtual reality are society and politics, which are closely related. To understand the relationship between the two, attention has been paid to the question of which of the two makes the most of this new habitat. That is, Antonio Gramsci and Isaiah Berlin examine the two concepts of hegemony and freedom. The purpose of this article is to answer the fundamental question of whether the virtual ecosystem has led to more human freedom or not. In analyzing this question, this paper shows that governments and governments, through a new model of government that is closely related to the virtual world and the information society, called hegemony, have created a kind of dependence of satisfaction in citizens, which is the dependence of dependence. It has created an illusion of freedom in their minds.This study shows that governments, through hegemony through the virtual ecosystem, control society, and this is where citizens are confused as to whether they are truly free or in the grip of power; However, it seems that getting out of these two paths of hegemony and freedom in the virtual world is becoming impossible day by day and this hegemonic domination should be controlled only by creating networks of consciousness.

The role of party leaders in socio-political dynamics is one of the most important issues for researchers in political and social sciences. The historical course of developments in Iran shows that the role of elites in Iranian political culture has often been accompanied by a tendency to be personality-oriented and excessive attention to the individual abilities and capabilities of political figures, as well as disregard for the rules and structural requirements governing party activities. Among these, the similarities and differences around the concept of Axial personality in Iranian political parties in the two periods before and after the Islamic Revolution are important. This article, while examining the causes and factors affecting the prevalence of Tendency to personality phenomenon in Iranian parties, tries to answer the question: what are the components of Tendency to personality in Iranian political parties before and after the Islamic Revolution? The present study has investigated the role of influential factors such as the structure of the political system, party structure, party ideology, mass media and the pattern of relations with foreigners in the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary periods with a comparative qualitative analysis method. The findings show that the components related to each of these factors are different in the political parties of these two periods and Tendency to personality in them has substantial differences.

The political system of Islam is based on religious principles and values, and the Muslim community continues to live by it. Religion as a main pillar in various aspects of human life has a fundamental and vital role, in other words, human life is based on religious menus. Contrary to this thinking, the prevailing view is secularism and custom, which believes in the minimal presence of religion in social spheres and in some cases the removal of religion from the social sphere and its presence in the individual dimension of human life. In this article, the authors intend to analyze and analyze the obstacles to the secularization of the political system in Islam using the method of content analysis and influenced by the intellectual and theoretical foundations of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli. The question is what are the obstacles to the secularization of the political system in Islam in the thoughts of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli and how can it be analyzed by the method of content analysis? The findings of the research show that in the belief and thinking of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, obstacles such as correct and rational interpretation of the Holy Quran and religious principles, avoidance of eclecticism, avoidance of narcissism and narcissism, attention to leadership and implementation of his statements and the like It can protect Islamic societies against secularization.

The purpose of this study is to identify the optimal model of press governance in Islamic society from the point of view of Imam Khomeini (RA). The research findings indicate that in Imam's view, the press should govern the nation and reflect public opinion to govern. The favorable model of press governance extracted in Imam Khomeini's thought has four conditions, which are: 1- Rejection of authoritarian rule with two components of opposition to the authoritarian system and fight against corruption in the press. 2. Orientalism is in the work of the press. 3- In educational governance, in these principles, the Imam of the press is considered as a university and the component of the educational role is considered. But without criticism and the critical role of the press, it is not possible to govern them. The press, in Imam's thought, is closely related to the denial of authoritarian rule. , In this context, understanding the strategy, the consequences of this rule can be enumerated, including freedom of the press, criticism, observance of the law, and the publication of content without conspiracy

The Supreme Leader, as a strategic thinker, outlined the vision of the Iranian political system in the form of the realization of a new Islamic civilization. In this approach, the thinkers of the Iranian political system studied to lay the groundwork for the realization and achievement of a new Islamic civilization. Researchers in this field, based on various theories as well as effective components, have proposed requirements for the creation of a new Islamic civilization; But the main issue of how to transition from the current situation to the ideal and desirable situation (modern Islamic civilization) is still neglected. Therefore, the question of the present study is the drivers of the transition from the stages of modern Islamic civilization to achieve the desired Islamic society in the knowledge system of the Supreme Leader. The findings of the research indicate that the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution considers the four categories of "creating material welfare", "social justice", "preserving the revolutionary spirit and ideals" and "benefiting from Islamic moral values" as drivers of the transition from different stages of civilization. Modern Islam and submission to the desired Islamic society. The extraction of these categories has been obtained by inferring from the guidelines of the Supreme Leader, relying on the method of content analysis and based on rational documents.

In studying the policies governing the development plans of the second Pahlavi period and the Islamic Republic of Iran, an attempt was made to analyze the analytical framework in order to understand the process and causes of economic development failures in the last seventy years. For this purpose, using an interdisciplinary approach, the role of civil and economic development in the effectiveness of the country's development policies was investigated.To the central government is the incomplete modeling of Western school development programs and the disregard for indigenous capacities and requirements and territorial planning.This imperfect modeling removed the people from economic management and replaced the government as a holding entity. In the period of the Islamic Republic, in order to make economic policies effective and get rid of these failures, it was tried to privatize and internalize the economy as the axis of planning and the resistance economy as the Iranian and Islamic model and the driver and axis of development. The Pahlavi era and the imposed war and sanctions have slowed the growth of economic development.Keywords: civil and economic development, economic policy, endogenous development, government-centered, resistance economy