نشریه نثر پژوهی عربی
پیاپی 1 (خریف 2023)

Undoubtedly, cultural criticism is one of the elements of modern language studies that reveals the nature of language texts and searches for the secrets of language and literary texts. Cultural criticism also enables us to know the foundations of culture and people in society. The selection of the title: (The cultural system in the book of al- Mustaṭraf fī kull fann mustaẓraf by Al-Abshihi) was not random and the researcher had several reasons for it. First of all, al- Mustaṭraf fī kull fann mustaẓraf by Shahabuddin Muhammad Bin Ahmad Abulfath Al-Abshihi is considered one of the most important books that were written in the first half of the 9th century of Hijri. This book has been written in Arabic on various subjects, including the basics of Islam, spiritual, political, and social life, Arab history, ethics, etc. On the other hand, the importance of this research is that it deals with the very important issue of literary criticism. The present research has evaluated and analyzed the book al- Mustaṭraf using a descriptive-analytical method and in the end, the following results have been achieved: the cultural model is considered the most obvious and the most common model used in the book of al- Mustaṭraf. The influence of language culture in this book is quite clear, accurate, and evident, and this influence is clearly reflected in cultural system. Abshihi's avoidance of referring to the politics and governance of society in his book is due to his attitude and personality. Among the cultural system in al- Mustaṭraf, the political system has the lowest place, and maybe his lack of attention to politics is due to the political conditions of that time and the tendency of the writers of that period to speak in secret, and, etc.

Image schemas are one of the ways to understand the meaning and abstract concepts in the linguistic field, based on conceptual metaphor. The linguistic approach of conceptual metaphor is one of the new approaches in linguistics. The Holy Quran is fraught with abstract concepts. Therefore, the present research is conducted by examining the up and down image schemas in Surah Ghafar to explain the mutual meanings of monotheism, disbelief and polytheism, which based on the linguistic approach, in a descriptive analytical method provides the image of abstract concepts objectively. The results of the research indicate that the up and down orientational schema is used in most of the examples of the verses of Surah Ghafar along with the force schema. The words "Tanzil", "Al-Qi", "Dahz", "Haqq", "Ali", "Al-Ali", "Sama" are the focus of orientational metaphors "power is high". The results of this descriptive and analytical research indicate that "power is high", is the most used metaphor in depicting "God is high". Accordingly, God as the absolute power and the source of material and spiritual blessings is "up", and everything except for God is "down". Therefore, man is forced to reach the source of goodness and salvation and escape from divine punishment towards the above and the ascending line, because "power is high".

The ‎novel was and still is a literary genre that talks about the issues of man and ‎his ‎society in various forms and patterns, so the novel became a mirror of what is ‎‎happening in society. The writer investigated it, and the Persian and Arab ‎literatures ‎were influenced by each other until they became very close literature, ‎due to the ‎unity of the religion that united these two literatures, so cultural friction ‎has ‎continued since antiquity between the Arab nation and the Persian nation ‎until our ‎time, where we see more than one Arab writer who has been fascinated ‎by Persian ‎culture and civilization. Their tracks are full of the Persian spirit by ‎coming up with ‎names of characters and mentioning events and places And even ‎they translated the largest Persian literary monuments, and the Iraqi ‎novelist was ‎not excluded from this scope. He narrated his novel called The Tobacco ‎Guard ‎from the Iranian knowledge, culture and civilization, and most of the events ‎of his ‎novel and its characters took place in Iran and even spent most of the life of ‎the ‎protagonist in Iran, so he roamed its streets and recorded with his pen the facts ‎‎more accurately. Its details so that we follow in this research an analytical and ‎‎descriptive approach on the civilized face of Iran in the novel The Tobacco ‎Guardian. ‎And the characters who brought about these facts after he used ‎Persian expressions ‎to complete the course of his novel. ‎

This study examines the semantic evolution of some Qur'anic words and reveals the influence of Islam in the semantic development of words compared to the ignorance period. This research begins by examining the usage of the words during the ignorance period, then examines its meanings in the Holy Quran in order to achieve the semantic expressions of these words. The purpose of this study is to know the words’ meanings used in the ignorance period. Then Islam has added the second and third meaning to them or fundamentally changed the meaning of the words. Therefore, the common usages of the words were left out. Contrary to our imagination, when we follow the verses reached to us from the ignorance period, we come across the words whose meanings don’t correspond to this period, so it is necessary to be considered. Muslims wanted the Quranic culture to prevail, so they edited some verses that had a religious theme and attributed them to Jahili poets. Some intellectuals may disagree with this point of view and do not accept them, so it is safe to accept that Jahili poets also used these words as it was used during the ignorance period. In this research, the semantic evolution of the words nīkī, khayr, and jihad is investigated.

The Holy Qur'an enjoys a magnificent appearance and is deep inside. This holy book invites people to good speech and conversation. Missionary speech is one of the important tools of religious missionaries; Therefore, their success depends on how to use the preaching. Missionary speech is a purposeful speech containing special qualities, whose characteristics are mentioned in the Holy Qur'an. The present study has looked at the characteristics of missionary speech from the perspective of Qur'an and examined the link between each of the characteristics of the speech with its specific audience, since the appropriate use of missionary speech depends on knowing it, and getting to know its characteristics is a prelude to promoting missionary dialogue and speaking in this field. The data collection of the current research was done by library method, and its data was explored with a descriptive-analytical view. Relying on the verses that come immediately after the noun (ghaulan), the modifier of speech (balīghan, karīman, ma’rūfan, ḥasanan, aḥsan, layinan, sadīdan and mīsuran) are the focus of the present research in order to reach the characteristics of missionary speech in the Qur'an. Relying on interpretative sayings and extracting their common features has been a dominant method of discovering how to speak in the field of missionary work. Each of the characteristics of missionary speech is based on a specific approach and type of audience, which taking heed of it and employing its requirements will have a favorable effect on the audience.

The placement of Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim at the beginning of the greatest divine book, and its repetition as many as the surahs of the Holy Quran, is the first matter that makes individuals realize the importance of this blessed verse and makes him explore to find its value and status among the Quranic verses. This verse is at the beginning of Surah Hamad and the beginning of all the surahs of the Qur'an; Except for Surah Baraat, it is also found among the verses of Surah Naml. In fact, it is repeated one hundred and fourteen times in the Quran, which shows its value and place among all the Quranic verses. using an analytical-descriptive method, this article presents the rulings of this verse and focuses on investigating and researching its importance using different aspects including vocabulary, diacritic, rhetoric and kalam. Then, in the light of these discussions and referring to the hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt, innocence and purity employ the field of mysticism, and use it as much as the scope of the article allows. The result of the research shows an unparalleled greatness in the verse of Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim, which contains the essence of divine revelation, prophetic mission, and Alawi's guardianship in this very short, yet significant and meaningful verse, and the more one delves into it, these truths are revealed.

Narration involves the selection and connection of events while organizing them in a coherent sequence. The modern nonfiction form of the short story is an essential medium that employs specific techniques for various functions, exemplified by Mohammad Khudair's work "Gardens of Faces (Masks and Stories)," an Iraqi writer. This study, using a descriptive and analytical approach, investigates the main narrative techniques in the short story collection “Gardens of Faces” by Mohammad Khudair. This collection exemplifies the use of specific techniques for different purposes in nonfiction storytelling. One of the techniques examined is the stream of consciousness, which provides a subtle psychological analysis of characters and situations by penetrating the human mind. The narrative skillfully depicts individual and collective emotions through direct and indirect internal dialogue. Moreover, it explores temporal paradoxes in the narrative, such as retrieval and anticipation. These techniques are vividly demonstrated in Mohammad Khudair’s story “Gardens of Faces”, making it a distinctive and complex narrative that tells an intriguing story. A major finding of this study is the central role of the stream of consciousness technique in shaping the characters and revealing their psychological depths in the narrative. Furthermore, the use of retrieval and anticipation techniques by the writer significantly disrupts the narrative structure, adding dynamism and vitality to both events and characters.

The structure of the language of the Holy Qur’an is musical and it was used to convey religious content in the best and most attractive ways.The miracle of the Qur’an is divided into two rhythms, external and internal. The current study aims, using the descriptive and analytical approach, to study one of the many Qur’anic phonetic phenomena, which is the significance of rhythm, internal rhythm, and external rhythm. It deals in detail with the phonetic features, in their various dimensions. Then we touched on the internal rhythm and external rhythm and their models, then moving on to the analysis of the ordinary surah. Come on Rhetorically, then use it semantically.The graphic and linguistic image is mixed with the rhythmic image, and the results of this research indicate that rhythm makes the verses on the one hand connotative, and on the other hand helps us understand the content of the verses and their meanings correctly. Finally, we concluded that rhetorical analysis and linguistic analysis play a prominent role in reciting the verses in Surah Adiyat and in determining their meaning. The role played by turning and turning in Surah Al-Adiyat is an important role in Surah Al-Adiyat. The strong meanings imposed strong rhythms, while the quiet meanings carried gentle rhythms, especially in Surah Al-Adiyat.