پژوهشنامه تاریخ های محلی ایران
سال یازدهم شماره 21 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

In the Constitutional Era, many associations were established all over Iran, especially in Guilan’cities such as Rasht, Anzali, Lahijan, and Astara. The Formation of these associations, like other organizations and NGOs, was to establish a new arrangement and pay attention to the role of people in social and political affairs with a focus on constitutionalism and settlement of law and freedom. The Anzali National Association was established in a small port on the shores of the Caspian Sea, a city that played a role in becoming familiar with the West. The special geographical location of Anzali Harbor further increased the activity of the Anzali National Association. Despite of important and various roles of this association, no independent reasearch has been done about that. So With emphasis on basic role of the association, this research tries to answer to following question: What were the functions of the Anzali National Association? This association performed various functions in the political, social, economic, and public welfare fields. Explaining and studying this issue is achieved based on historical data provided through newspapers and books in the descriptive-analytical library method.Research findings show that theNational association of Anzali with the support of people and other associations, not only defended constitutionalism and its institutions but also attended to many economic and social issues based on peoples’ request and achieved some success.

The importance of Olearius in the history of Iran is his travelogue and map of Iran, which was effective in drawing maps and writings about Iran in decades and centuries. Meanwhile, a little-known regional map of Gilan left by Olearius indicates the importance of this part of Iran in the Safavid period. In the situation in the sources of the Safavid era, there is ambiguity in applying the terms state and province to the regions of Iran, the state of Gilan has been drawn with high precision for the first time. What added to the value of the map was his personal observations and field research from local experts while passing through Gilan, which has doubled the validity of the map of Gilan as an authentic document of the historical geography of this region in the 17th century. The map (1656 AD) is the oldest and perhaps the first regional map of Gilan in modern European cartography that has corrected the previous information.
There are no maps left from the Safavid period, and therefore the concepts of the map have been matched with the most important geographical source of the Safavid era, Mokhtasar Al Mofid book, in order to determine the difference between the inside and outside view of a geographical place. Matching this information with the geography of Gilan, along with the nomenclature of this region, is one of the goals of the research with the help of the historical research method and library search. The findings show that the information of Olearius map is significantly more than the geographical text of the Mokhtasar Al Mofid in terms of quantity and details.
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During the reign of Murad III, the Ottoman government attacked Iran in 986 AH / 1578 AD due to the weakness of the Safavids.  The consequence of their invasion after 12 years of war was the separation of a much of the western part of the country, including Tabriz. During the First Istanbul Treaty, Tabriz and a considerable portion of Azerbaijan formally joined the Ottoman state. The Ottomans tried to permanently annex the occupied areas  to their territory.
by building or repairing the forts in the first step, and appointing "Beyglerbeyg", "Qazi" and "Daftardar" for these areas in the second step. Shah Abbas I’s rise to power led to a complete change in political equations between the two states; accordingly, the course of events led to  reclaiming of the lost areas through a series of military operations.
The developments in Tabriz and Azerbaijan during their occupation are completely unknown to IraniansBecause neither Safavid historians nor later Iranian scholars not paid attention to them. Therefore, the main approach of this article is to clarify the behavior of the Ottomans towards the people of the occupied areas and, in turn, the behavior of the people towards Ottoman agents. This research has been prepared based on the documents of the Ottoman Empire, in particular, "Daftarhaye Muhimme". In the present study, in a descriptive-analytical manner, using Ottoman-Iranian sources, a brief explanation of this ambiguous point in the country's history has been given.

The Democratic Sect of Azerbaijan was formed with the support of the Soviet government in 1324 and disintegrated in 1325 and had very serious political, economic and social consequences for the Iranian people, including the asylum of a large number of local people of Azerbaijan to the Soviet Union. . The main purpose of this study is to investigate the political and social this important issue. It is estimated that after the collapse of the sect government on December 12, 1325, the number of Iranian refugees who fled to the Soviet Union and became refugees due to their support for the sect government and the deception of their leaders was estimated at 25,000 to 30,000. Shortly afterwards, Azerbaijan's leaders and Democratic Sect leaders were relieved of the burden of keeping large numbers of refugees and suppressing refugees' dissatisfaction with the cult's performance and their decision to return to Iran in accordance with Stalin's brutal policies. And inhumanely set up camp every day in Central and Central Asia, deciding a horrible, sad, and pitiful fate for them.

Iranian constitutionalism created civil and popular institutions that had no background in the history of Iran. State and provincial associations were one of the most noble institutions arising from the process of constitutionalism and one of the fundamental demands of the constitutionalists, which was approved in the first term of the National Assembly and became the link between the people and the government and parliament.The city of Zanjan was one of the places where the Provincial Association was established, but along with the ambiguity in the constitutional events of this city, the record of the Zanjan Provincial Association was also overshadowed. The main issue of this study is the performance of Zanjan Provincial Association and its relationship with the current of constitutionalism in Iran during the constitutional era. article has examined this issue by collecting data from libraries, documents and using original sources such as newspapers of the constitutional era and analyzing data in a descriptive-explanatory manner. According to the findings of the study, the performance of Zanjan Provincial Association in achieving constitutional goals has been accompanied by ups and downs that the association members depend on the upper classes, kinship with opposition groups, the weakness of constitutionalists, ulema competitions, prioritization of personal interests and events. The current constitution in Tehran and Tabriz, as the main bases of constitutionalism, affected their activities. Due to these factors, the record of Zanjan Provincial Association in the constitutional era was accompanied by failure to fulfill the demands and goals of the constitutional process.

Songhar and Keliai is one of the fertile areas in Kermanshah that was considered by some influential families of this government during the Qajar period. They bought a lot of land in the area by buying people's property for a small price. Two of the great landowners of this region are Abdul Hussein Farmanfarma and Amanullah Khan Fath al-Sultan, the former being the Qajar prince and the latter one of the elders of the Sanghar district. Due to the financial crisis and the outbreak of the First World War, these landowners in the late Qajar period avoided timely payment of their land taxes. The government often appeased these people, but after the coup of 1299, especially after the prime ministership and reign of Reza Shah, they were severely audited. The main question of the present study is why the landowners in Sanghar had tax debts and how the Qajar and Pahlavi governments dealt with this issue. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and its reliance is on the documents related to two of the major landowners of Songor region. The findings of the study indicate that the owners of the Qajar period, due to the exemptions provided by the government and the influence they had in the court, refused to pay their taxes on time. But early in Reza's reign and reign, due to his need to fund his extensive reforms and renovations through taxation and his greed to seize their fertile lands, these landlords were severely audited..

In the present study, the history of Marivan City from the time of the emergence of this word in historical sources has been studied. Understanding the fate of the city of Marivan from ancient times to the origin of the word Marivan and what historical stages it has gone through requires a lot of research. Here, the criterion and source of information processing is the origin of the word Marivan with different titles in historical texts. Accordingly, the beginning of the chronicle of the city of Marivan in this study dates back to the Mongol era and continues almost until the beginning of the Pahlavi period. Existing sources and reports indicate that the political appearance of the city of Marivan, with this title, in historical sources is synonymous with the rise to power and chronology of the Ardalan family in the seventh century AH. Since then, one can trace Mariwan in the process of border developments between the two empires of Iran and the Ottoman Empire, as well as in the rivalry between the Kurdish ruling families of Ardalan (around Mariwan and later in Sanandaj) and Baban (in Sulaimaniyah). Thus, in the present study, the political destiny of the city of Marivan from the Mongol period to the Pahlavi period has been mentioned based on historical sources and library methods..

During the first Pahlavi era, Iran’s administrative structure underwent a fundamental change. Reza Shah attempted to creat a modern centralized government in a different way, Reza Shah, following the example of the West and with the help of some intellectuals disillusioned with the constitution, tried to establish a modern and centralized government in a new style.. Due to its strategic significance, Lorestan, received special attention from his government. Lorestan was in a very chaotic state, during the rise of the first Pahlavi, it was almost completely traditional and Illyrian, and orders from the central government had no bearing there. From the time military forces first arived in 1302 until Reza Shah’s reign came to an end, The central government’s initiatives to establish government departments This research seeks to answer the question of how new government departments were established in Lorestan during the Reza Shah period . A descriptive and analytical approach was used to prepared this research, which was based on  library sources, newspapers, and documents. The results of this study show that in the first step, the central government gradually relocated tribes and nomads through the use of military force, and through reforms such as land division and road construction, laying the foundation for the establishment of various government departments. In the second step, departments such as the municipality, judiciary, roads and streets, and document registration were established based on wisdom of civilian rulers.

Amir Massoud, as one of the influential rulers of Sarbadari, was able to expand the  Sarbedaran’s territory beyond the Beyhaq area after gaining power, but in the last year of his rule,  he lost his life and many of his military forces with a heavy failure in the campaign to Mazandaran, and in this way, Sarbadaran suffered an irreparable stroke..Considering the importance of the battle of Mazandaran, this article tries to analyze the factors of Amir Massoud's failure in this campaign based on historical sources close to the event, related researches and the treatise on the art of war, and using the descriptive-analytical method and the application of Sun Tzu's martial views.. The findings show that Amir Masoud’s failure is related to both sides of the battle’s behavior; Amir Masoud, regardless of the heterogeneous situation of his troops after the defeat of Zawah, engaged them in an erosion battle and without any useful tactics, he openly went into depth of Mazandaran. The rulers and people considered him as a common enemy and united against him and they caused him and his forces to be surprised and destroyed with an efficient strategy. .

The Qajar era was a period of evolution, development, and and growth in both quantity and quality. Ta’ziyeh underwent a number of changes during this time, including changes to both the content, and musical instruments. The Persian state, particularly the city of Shiraz, flourished during the Qajar era as a result of the religious context of Iranian society. Additionaly, the competition between government officials, nobles and elders, women, Clergy, and businessmen played a significant role in holding of Muharram mourning rituals, especially Ta’ziyeh. On this basis, they endowed Taziyeh’s location or covered its costs. These research attempts to address the desire problem by using  the documentary method and document analysis by examining the role of endowment documents and their trustees in the Shiraz taziyeh adminidtration during Qajar period. According to the research’s findings,  Shiraz’s Qajar-era society’s traditional and religiousfoundations as well as the local’s devotion to Ahl al-Bayt (AS) among its merchants, noble women, and government officials have played a significant role in the growthof Ta’ziyeh in Shiraz.

In ancient times, a large area southeast of the Iranian plateau was called Makran. The first available accounts of Makran, known as Mecca, date back to the Achaemenid period. In the surviving documents from the Sassanid period, this area is mentioned as Makuran. In the Islamic period, Makran has been mentioned in various historical, geographical, and other sources. Although there are few reports left about the geographical, economic, and cultural situation of Makran throughout history, there is a clear difference in the existing reports. By carefully evaluating the existing reports on Makran, it is inferred that these reports can be divided into formal and informal reports. Official reports refer to the reports of military conquerors and government agents who reported on the situation in the region for specific purposes, and their reports were recorded in written historical and geographical sources. Informal reports refer to the reports of other geographers, historians, travel writers, and so on. The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing official reports related to the geographical, economic, and cultural situation of Makran in the past centuries. The present article is written using library resources in a comparative way with a description and analysis of data..

In the study of the history of Islamic civilization and the history of Iranian cities, Maragha's place as a historical city has not been adequately explained from the point of view of civilization. Therefore, in this historical research with a civilizational approach in the field of local history studies, Maragha's link with Islamic civilization has been analyzed and explained. According to the findings of this study, Maragha was not considered a center of civilization until the middle of the 7th century AH, despite its importance in historical developments. But after Baghdad collapse by Mongols, this city became a center of science in the Islamic world. In the second half of the 7th century after Hijrah, the establishment of the observatory complex and the gathering of a large number of prominent scholars significantly changed the cultural-civilized image of Maragha. The observational-scientific activities, outstanding scientific works such as Zidj-i Ilkhani, novel astronomical theories and new scientific texts during this period made Maragha as one of the scientific-civilizational centers of the Islamic world. As a result of such achievements, the honorable titles of "Maragha School" and "Maragha Translation School" have been given to this city by science scholars, which has brought for it a permanent reputation in the history of science on a global scale.
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