نشریه پژوهش های معناشناختی متون ادبی
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1402)

The theory of semiotics is one of the theories many critics and literary theorists pay attention to today. This theory is one of the interdisciplinary approaches in human sciences that uses linguistics, sociology, psychology, and literary criticism to examine signifier-signified relations in objects and is considered an efficient method in analyzing texts. Among various texts, divine texts including the Qur'an, derived from various components, are a source of signs. This article analyzes the text of the Qur'an with a semiotic approach. In order to limit the research, this essay relies on the word "jahim" [hell] and its different aspects in the verses of the Qur'an and examines the influence of the linguistic and situational context on these aspects. Adopting descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of extracting the meanings of "jahim" and their interpretations, this study reviewed the theoretical concepts of semiotics and the lexical and idiomatic meanings of "jahim" and analyzed them in the verses of the Quran. This was carried out by relying on the textual and metatextual position and at "syntagmatic" and "paradigmatic" levels. The findings of this research show that the word "jahim" is repeated 26 times in the Holy Quran. This word, next to "Jahannam", is a central word in the context of words indicating the afterlife punishment, and its repetition in each surah is based on the content and meaning of that surah.

Among the theories that currently have a fundamental place in the literary field and other fields of language studies is the French linguist Maurice Grammon's in the discussion of the of sounds in text and sentence structure. Grammon was the first person who analyzed a balance between the use of phonemes in poetry and stated that poets mostly use repetition of phonemes to create music and harmony in poetry; therefore, at the level of the word and the overall structure of the sentence, the phonetic level cannot be separated from the semantic level. It can be said that the repetition of sounds can play a significant role in associating the meanings intended by the poet or writer. This research attempts to use the descriptive-analytical method (content analysis) based on Maurice Grammon's theory to investigate the combination of words with meaning in the famous sermon of Shagshaqiyya, based on words with similar meaning in the paradigmatic axis and based on the induction of sounds in the structure and context of the sermon. The analysis shows that the sounds in Shaqshaqiyah sermon ultimately inspires the audience with concepts and meanings effectively, and the repetition of consonants and vowels in conveying the message to the audience serves the ultimate effect.

Science" is one of the clear and obvious concepts that every person is aware of to some extent. In fact, one of the best blessings of God for mankind is knowledge. Science is a divine gift by means of which God created man, who attained their superior over other creatures and some people over others. Imam Ali, who is himself a divine scholar and the door of Medina of the knowledge as noted by the Prophet, considers knowledge to be the value of a person . To him, in view of that treasure of divine secrets, whoever who has more knowledge and piety has a higher rank. The noble book of Nahj al-Balagha consists of three parts. First, the sermons, then the letters, and then the wisdoms or aphorisms, which are very important due to their generality and adaptability for all generations. This article has been written in order to understand "science and its epistemological positions" in the precious words of Imam Ali in Nahj al-Balagha. The result of the investigation and analysis in this article showed that according to Nahj al-Balagha, science and knowledge are not the only criteria of excellence; rather,science combined with righteous action leads to human excellence. Besides science and knowledge have a much higher value than material capitals and serves as the spirit of human sciences, whih has an unlimited capacity for acceptance, and which is aesthetically manifested in the words of the Imam.

One of the theories applicable to the Holy Quran is the theory of Michel Cuipers, who has introduced a new approach to the order and coherence of the Quran by using the method of symmetrical and inverse order. He divides the text into different levels, then divides the various forms of symmetry, i.e., sequential parallelism, contradictory parallelism, authorial or evolutionary parallelism, axial order or circular composition, inverse order or mirror composition, and photographic contrast with the help of convergent authorial indicators. It discusses and examines duality, synonymy, contradiction, similarity, repetition or similarity, phonetics or consonantal allegory, morphological similarities, and identical syntactic structure. After explaining the theory, its comprehensiveness and efficiency have been examined in Surah Al-Hadid by applying the rules provided by Cuipers, and it is concluded that the rules mentioned cannot be applied to all verses in this Surah at sub-section, section, and part levels, but they can be applied to all verses at maghta' and mafsal levels.

The first step to obtain the knowledge of the Quran is to know the exact meaning of its words, i.e., semantically. Semantics is a part of today's linguistics and a way to check the words of a language; it is an efficient tool for discovering new meanings in the text, which reveals the history of the semantic evolution of each word and examines the worldview that governs the language as the analyst pays attention to the culture and customs or the culture of the one who wrote the text. The word Balad is one of the words of the Holy Quran that has various uses and is mentioned 19 times in the Quran. Considering semantics as a useful method in examining the words of the Qur'an, the present study examined the special position of this word and its importance in the holy book. In fact, by applying semantics, it is possible to analyze the different semantic layers of a word, sometimes by putting together synonyms and antonyms and the plural and singular forms of the word, and also by analyzing the exact root of a word. Accordingly, the semantic evolution of the word "balad" in the Qur'an was investigated along with its lexical and conceptual meanings. The study examined an example of this word. In fact, the word Balad has various uses in the Qur'an,  and it is different from the word Madina, and it has a geographical extension.

Deviation from norms is one of the concepts  studies in contemporary literary criticism, which emanates from the ideas of Russian formalism. Although formalism originated from the west in the realm of literature, it has its own place among different nations in the province of literary criticism. Men of letters and critics of other countries through translation, definition, and the fundamentals and principles of formalism have familiarized their own literary men with this literary school of thought and they, in turn, criticized the important poetic and literary works. On this basis, this article aims at investigating a comparative study of the translation of the Russian formalist thoughts regarding deviation from the norms in Persian and Arab literature. Authors and researchers in the literature of the two nations have paid much attention to deviation from norms via formalist criticism of the works. The investigation and evaluation of translations help in genuine understanding of their sources. Through its analytic-descriptive method, the present study intends to discuss deviation from norms in literature and literary criticism — in Iran and Arab countries — and presents the existing differences in the translation. It also attempts to probe the factors which are relevant in the interpretation of these differences. It is self-evident that some different factors such as culture, language, and ethnicity have affected and shaped a variety of different perspectives.