پژوهشنامه معارف اهل بیت
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 5، پاییز 1402)

ʿĀshūrā and its aftermath, the Arbaʿīn, is one of the most important and influential events in the history of Islam and Shia history, in such a way that the Islamic civilization, which will almost certainly become the most powerful opponent of the Western civilization, was influenced by these two events and rather its roots. It has deep implications in the history of these Islamic and Shiite developments. In this research, we will discuss the 40-day explanatory jihad of the family of Aba Abdullah (as), especially Ḥaḍrat Zainab (as), after the incident of Karbala, which marked a significant trend in the history of mankind. In this 40-day Jihad, Zainab (as) explained the nature of history, which is indeed suffering for the helpers of the truth, and introduced them to the world by raising the issue of the guardianship of the Ahl al-Bayt (as). The present study collects data in a library manner and describes and analyzes the data and concludes that the greatness of Islamic civilization is due to the activism of Zainab (as) and his 40-day jihad after the Karbala event.

Historically, the most important issue discussed by Muslims after the Prophet (pbuh) is the issue of Imamate, and thinkers have cited theological, historical and verses of the Holy Qur'an to prove the issue of Imamate and succession of the Prophet (pbuh), one of the most important of these verses is the verse of the test of Prophet Ibrahim (as) or the verse of Imamate. On the other hand, two methods can be followed to investigate the Imamate issue: 1- Explaining the concept of imamate by means of Quranic verses with previous coordinates in the beginning of Islam. 2- Explaining the concept of imamate by means of Quranic verses with coordinates and concepts created later and new. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the status of references to the verse of Ibrahim's test for the issue of Imamate in the narratives of Imamiyyah. In the upcoming research, hadiths about the test verse of Ibrahim have been discussed, according to these questions: "1- Regarding the verse of Ibrahim's test, how many narratives of the infallible Imams (as) are mentioned in hadith and narrative sources? 2- What is the status of their textual content and the similarity and repetition of narrations about the verse of Ibrahim's test? 3- Are the narratives about Ibrahim's test related to the issue of imamate in today's common sense and do they support this issue? Finally, it became clear that there are few hadiths about verse 124 of Baqarah, of course, most of them (except for a few cases that are doubtful) do not mention the issue of public imamate, especially for us contemporary Shiites; and in a way, the narratives are interpretations with a separate subject from the principle of Imamate.

Since Walīyullāh is not the manifestation of one name like other beings in the world, but rather the manifestation of all divine names, for this reason it surrounds beings that are the manifestation of one or even several names of divine names; in fact, Walīyullāh is the truth in which all the divine names are manifested. He is a whole truth with the potential to bear all the divine names and attributes, therefore, everything that has manifested in these two aspects is not outside the scope of this truth; this is the meaning of wilāyat of Walīyullāh, which is the manifestation of Allah's wilāyat. Tasbīḥ is one of the things that is responsible for the growth and excellence of all phenomena; in other words, all the names are moving towards their exaltation with the glorification in them. And as mentioned above, since all the names and attributes are manifested in the name of Walīyullāh, then the glorification also takes place in this context; so, it can be concluded that with the manifestation of Allah's will in the world, glorification has also occurred, and all the divine names within the framework of wilāyat of Allah Almighty, with the ability called Tasbīḥ, which is embedded in the institution of each name, move toward their ultimate goal.

Rijaʿt, which means returning to the world again, is one of the points of disagreement between Shiites and Sunnis. Of course, the issue of return is not a completely Mahdavi issue, and before and more than it is a Mahdavi issue, it is a theological issue on which Shia and Sunni scholars have conflicting views. There are strong Qur'anic evidences for the occurrence of this truth in the history of Judaism and Christianity, and the famous and correct narratives of the repetition of all the traditions and events of these two nations among the Muslims, opens the door to this truth to the Islamic society and Muslims as well. There are undeniable evidences in the hadiths of Ahl al-Sunnah about the occurrence of Return (Rijaʿt) in the end of time. By proving this fact, it becomes clear that there is an important purpose of its placement in the management system of Allah Almighty. The role of Rijaʿt in creating hope and increasing hope in the faith community in three parts: Hoping as much as possible for life, trying as much as possible to live more faithfully, and trying as much as possible to create the ground for the reappearance, tells a little about the place of Rijaʿt in the management system of Allah Almighty and the intellectual system of Ahl al-Bayt (as).

The subject of Walīyullāh, as a collection of divine names and attributes, is one of the most fundamental issues of religion, especially from the perspective of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) school. For this reason, religious scholars have spoken about it in a different way according to the needs and requirements of their time, which undoubtedly, is important in many ways. In the discussion of the comprehensive truth of divine names and attributes with the subject of Tasbīḥ (glorification), we should finally mention the position and role of Walīyullāh al-ʿAẓam. In the view of Shiism, according to the Ahl al-Bayt (as) school, this position belongs to the guardian of Allah, Imam Mahdi (as); in fact, as the seal of the wilāyat and Walīyullāh, he holds the most final position in the matter of divine guardianship, and the glorification of existence also occurs at his command. Therefore, this article, which is dedicated to the topic of tasbīḥ and glorification in the comprehensive position of divine names and attributes, has introduced and discussed their role in the glorification of existence; and then, according to the stated contents, the influence of His Holiness' presence in the matter of glorification and tasbīḥ in different levels of creation will be explained.

The idea of government is one of the most fundamental issues and debates that man has been dealing with since he understood the concept of society and tried to create it. Every society has been governed by some form of government since its emergence; therefore, the issue of government and rulers is a well-known matter in the field of human culture and human societies. Only the existing differences, which are sometimes very basic and fundamental, cause the government and its concept to face many reflections and reactions, and even some, as anarchist groups, challenge the necessity of the existence of the government and demand societies without governor and government. Examples of it in Islamic societies can be found in the extreme attitude of the Kharijites with the slogan lā ḥukma illā lillāh. Against these extremist groups, some confirm the necessity of the existence of the government and insist on its serious presence that they even invade the private sphere and personal privacy and do not respect anything called privacy.