نشریه روانشناسی شناختی
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 33، پاییز 1401)

This study aimed to comparison of the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) combined with cognitive training on working memory performance of people with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For this purpose, 45 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in zahedan city were purposefully selected as the research sample. Subjects were divided into three groups: tDCS, tRNS and placebo group. Subjects in the experimental groups received 5 sessions of electrical stimulation (tDCS and tRNS) with an interval of 24 hours between each session; placebo group also received fake stimulation (non-effective). At the same time, all subjects also received cognitive rehabilitation of working memory. All subjects were evaluated before and after the stimulation and one week after the stimulation using the N-back task and the Wechsler Digit span test. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that in the tDCS group, there was a significant difference in most working memory components from the pre-test stage to the follow-up (p<0.001). In the tRNS group, a significant difference was found in the component of direct digit span and reverse digit span in the research stages. In the comparison between the two experimental groups, the effectiveness of the tDCS group was higher than that of the tRNS group. Also, no significant difference was found in most of the components between the tRNS and placebo groups (p>0.05). Overall, the results of this study show that tDCS was more effective than tRNS in working memory and this method can be used together with other treatments to improve the working memory of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of attention control on mind wandering. The method of this research was semi-experimental. The statistical population includes fifth and sixth grade female students of Semnan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The number of 38 people from the statistical population was calculated as available, and in order to predict the drop of the subjects or the loss of data, 2 people were present in the study more than the number of the calculated sample. The tool used to measure mind wandering was the Stroop test, which was completed under active and reactive attention control conditions. The data were analyzed using one-factor analysis of variance and repeated measurement by SPSS25 software. The findings showed that mind wandering is more in active attention control conditions than in reactive attention control conditions. The findings of this study can provide useful insight in understanding the phenomenon of mind wandering. Teachers and educational designers, having the knowledge related to this field, can design and produce educational content that students will experience during virtual education, where the minimum supervision by the teacher takes place during the learning process. The wandering of the mind will be less on the part of the students.

Risk preference, the degree of tendency to take risk, has a fundamental role at individual and social health and is divided to risk seeker and risk averse. Therefore, the study of neural corelates of risk preferences is essential at the field of psychology and psychiatry. The current study aimed to examine and compare an ERP component named P300 between subjects with different risk preferences.

28 people placed in two groups of risk seeker and risk averse (14 each group). Subjects performed simple gambling task. ERP data were processed by MATLAB software and ERPlab. Repeated measurement ANOVA was used to analyze data.

analysis of behavioral data presented that risk seekers selected low risk option more than high risk, but there was no significant difference of reaction time between groups. ERP analysis showed a significant decrease of P300 amplitude in risk seekers compared to risk averse when selecting high risk option. This result shows the importance of the differences in dopaminergic and motivational pathways of risk seekers during reward processing compared to healthy and risk-averse groups. Based on this result, it may be possible to consider the P300 component as a suitable indicator in clinical evaluations.

Psychologists have proposed two styles for thinking and processing information. Experiential system, which is automatic and non-verbal; And the Rational system, which is analytical and verbal. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Rational- Experiential Inventory; and to find it's relationship with cognitive regulation of emotions. This cross-sectional study was performed by descriptive contextualization method. The statistical population consisted of all students of Islamic Azad and Sama Universities, Roodehen Branch, and 503 individuals were selected randomly via multi- period method and completed the Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI) and Cognitive Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and correlation coefficient. After analysis, four components were identified: Rational Ability, Rational Engagement, Experiential Ability, Experiential Engagement. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.682, 0.823, 0.695, 0.750, and the correlation coefficient in the retest was 0.79, 0.78, 0.73, and 0.76, respectively. In the validity of criterion, rational components had negative correlation with negative strategies of regulation of emotions, and the experiential components had positive correlation with these strategies. The rational- experiential inventory showed proper reliability and convergent validity, In general, Rational people used positive emotion regulation strategies more and negative strategies less. The Rational- Experiential Inventory had adequate reliability and convergent validity. It can be used to improve the teaching, and psychotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to compare the cognitive functions of people with passionate love and normal people.

In this research, 500 students from persian golf University Bushehr , who studied in 2017-2018, were selected through purposeful sampling with a mean age of 21 years and filled the passionate  love scale (PLS). Individuals who scored between 135 and 106 in the passionate love group and Those who scored 105-15 were in the normal group. Of these people, 204 were selected for Stroop, Wisconsin and Continuous Performance tests and analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance.

the study showed that there is a significant difference between respondents with passionate love and normal people in terms of inhibition. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in the cognitive flexibility and attention (P> 0.05).

According to the findings, people with passionate love of inhibition have a weaker response than normal people, and the lack of difference between the two groups in the component of cognitive flexibility and attention point to the similar performance of these two groups in cognitive functions. Findings show the attention component in the two groups is different based on gender.

Previous findings have shown the many functions of nostalgia, for example, increasing mental health, and the current research aimed to explain those findings by testing the theoretical explanation that the benefits of nostalgia come from the fact that nostalgia reminds us of our intrinsic self. Aiming to investigate the effect of nostalgia on authenticity (intrinsic self-expression) and extrinsic self-definition (concern about meeting society's standards and the expectations of others), Out of 30,000 mobile phone subscribers in Tehran and Karaj, 451 (200 men) with an average age of 40 years were sampled by the convenience method and in an experimental design were randomly assigned to two groups of nostalgia (who thought of a nostalgic memory) and no nostalgia (who thought of an ordinary memory). Intrinsic self-expression was measured by the Authenticity Inventory (Kernis and Goldman, 2006) and extrinsic self-definition by the Extrinsic Contingency Focus Scale (Williams et al., 2010). T-tests showed that the nostalgia group rated their past personality more authentic and reported less extrinsic self-definition and Conditional Process Modelling showed that nostalgia reduced extrinsic self-definition by increasing authenticity. Based on these findings, nostalgia can help in the treatment of mental disorders.

People with eating disorders express their eating pathology through metaphors. This research was conducted to explain and categorize eating disorder metaphorical posts in cyberspace. The method of this qualitative study was conventional and directed text content analysis, which was carried out by Shannon's entropy method in the period of September 2019 to May 2022. The population of this study included all messages and posts related to eating disorders that were posted or left comments on social networks. Due to the qualitative nature of this study, based on the rule of theoretical saturation and according to the opinion of experts in this field, 250 posts with psychological content were purposefully selected and analyzed. Then categories and subcategories were manually analyzed. Results indicated; metaphoric posts or messages related to eating disorders fall into two main categories of embodiment characteristics and non-embodiment metaphors source domains. On the other hand, each of these two main categories has subcategories that are separated from each other by cognitive and psychological characteristics. It seems; different messages and posts related to eating disorder metaphors need to be studied from different perspectives. Based on this, it is suggested that in future studies, these metaphorical posts should be examined according to the type of interventions effective on them.