فصلنامه زیبایی شناسی ادبی
سال چهاردهم شماره 57 (پاییز 1402)

Simin Behbahani is one of her contemporary modern lyricists. Simin has been considered Nimas of ghazal (Nimaye Ghazal) due to his innovations in the metre of Ghazal. The most important aspect of Simin's innovation is the metre of the sonnet(ghazal). However, Simin is a innovator poet in other aspects of the art of poetry. You can see especially her innovation and her effort to the innovation of poetic imagery. she has tried to use images in his poetry that are the result of individual vision, personal experiences, relying on objectivity and individualism, in accordance with the approach of imagery innovation in poetry. Based on this, he depicted as he saw and avoided clichés and repetitions as much as possible. Modern elements and contemporary phenomena in accordance with this individual vision and empiricism have a prominent place in his imagery and are considered one of the main origins of the poet's imagery innovation. The current research has tried to examine and analyze the dimensions of this imagery innovation and reveal the results of this new look and attitude in imagegry. The research findings prove the emphasis on innovation in imagery in Simin's poetry.

This study is on of Examining the verb modal in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry by considering the verb modal. Based on different theories and from fundamental positions, the verb modal reflects the writer's point of view. So, this tool can be used to examine the inner thoughts and thoughts of the author. This study aims to examine the the verb modalto explain Forough’s attitude and point of view and study his mind and soul deeply, to answer this fundamental question, how dose Forough Farrokhzad's thoughts and ideas reflect in the syntax of words and can Forough's thought be received among the the modal of his poetic actions? The importance of this research is in examining and analyzing the the verb modal, it is possible to achieve the style, knowledge and sense of forough.In this article, we study the the verb modalin Forough Farrokhzad's poems collection, called "Another Birth", while analyzing various theories about the the verb modal. By providing samples, we concluded that in most cases, Forough used obligation aspect to express thoughts, nostalgic feelings, escape to childhood , to express regrets, wishes and failures. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and after collecting poetic evidence it has been studied and analyzed.

As one of the founders of free poetry, Nazz Al-Malaika is considered one of the theorists of new poetry as well as one of the poets with style in contemporary Arabic literature. In his poem, Naz used rhetorical elements to highlight the theme and have a greater impact on the reader. Simile is one of the pillars of rhetoric from which other rhetorical forms are derived. In expressive topics, the first image-creating factor is the simile array; in such a way that it can be considered the simplest and most basic type of fantasy; Because it is easier for the mind to understand than other imaginary forms. Nazul Al-Malaika has used rhetorical tools efficiently and effectively in his poems. He has conveyed his thoughts to the reader in various ways by using similes and made the simile compatible with special images and performances. This research has investigated the function of simile and its types in Nazq al-Malaika's poems in a descriptive and analytical way and with library tools. Also, it has been divided from different passages in terms of sensory or intellectual sides, in terms of elements, etc., and the subtleties and subtleties of this artistic image have been analyzed. The results of the research show that after metaphor, simile is the most used literary technique in thin poetry, and among the types of simile, eloquent simile is the most frequent type of simile.

In this research, the aesthetics of the plot element of selected novels from three contemporary authors (Seyed Abbas Maroofi, Zoya Pirzad and Moni Ravanipour) based on its structure (beginning and ending of story, conflict, suspense, etc.) has been studied and analyzed.The purpose of this study is to compare aesthetics and the application of literary techniques in different types of plots of selected novels. This research is a theoretical type which has been done by descriptive-analytical approach. In the descriptive section, information has been collected through library resources and in content analysis, aesthetics of the elements of the selected novels have been studied accurately. By studying the aesthetics of the plot element of selected novels and special emphasis on its structure, it has been concluded that the aesthetics of the plots of selected novels can be divided into five types: a) complex plot using literary techniques. b) Complicated plot without the use of literary techniques. (c) Medium size. d) Simple plot using literary techniques. E) Simple plot without using literary techniques. Aesthetics in the plot of the novel "Paykar Farhad" have caused the creation of a complex plot using many literary techniques. In the novels "Melted" and "Fereydoun Had Three Sons," the plot of novels is complex without the use of literary techniques. ""The Gypsy by the Fire" is a novel with a mediocre plot. The novels "All Special" and "I Turn Off the Lights" are novels with simple plots using literary techniques.

ReviewIn Persian literature, the widest semantic horizon is the horizon of lyrical poetry; Poems that express personal feelings and emotions. Lyrical poetry in Persian is presented in the form of lyric, Masnavi, quatrain, couplet and even ode, but the most important format is lyric. There are many types of lyrical literature, and Beth al-Shukwa's poetry is one of them. Shokouyeh's poem is in fact a kind of revelation of inner sufferings and pains that afflicts the poet, although the poet expresses his sorrow in terms of the moods and mourning of the poems and the imprisonment of the poems. And in satires and satires, he shouts his anger and disgust towards the factors of his sorrow, but in the complaints, he complains by introducing these factors. "The importance of complaints is more in recognizing the spirits of their poets, because each complaint, in addition to revealing the unfavorable situation of the poet's life, also gives a clear picture of his ideal society." (Cerami 2008). Since there are many issues that cause human grief as well as complaints and grievances, it is difficult to classify them.However, in terms of content, complaints can be divided into 5 categories: 1- personal 2- philosophical, 3- social, 4- mystical, 5- political.

The new theory of metaphor interprets metaphor from a different angle in the light of cognitive semantics. This theory, proposed by Johnson and Lakoff, is more or less in line with some of Aristotle's statements about metaphor. In the present study, using the descriptive-analytical method, the conceptual metaphors of emotions (love, hope, despair, and anger) in the poems of Ahmad Shamlou have been investigated. The results show that one of the most important target areas in Shamul's poetry are "feelings and emotions", of which love, hope, despair, and anger are the most frequent. In order to express each of these emotions, from the primary areas such as building, light, heat, space, plants, living beings (birds and animals), water, music, food, business, treatment, power, all kinds of tastes (bitter and Shirin, etc.), keys, magic, alchemy, tools, secrets, objects (mirror, chains, etc.) have been used. Among these emotions, "love" has the most cases. Although Shamlou has used familiar things in many fields of origin, his mappings (phrases and poems) are such that he has created new correspondences in the field of conceptual metaphor. The domains that Shamlu used to materialize love are water and its metaphors (sea, river, spring, thirst, dew, river), light and its metaphors (fire, morning, sun, moon, star, dawn, flame, light), animals (horse, bird, butterfly, bee), plant and its metaphors (grass, tree, forest, branch), secret, key, music, nutrition , power, tool, peak, mirror, building, madness, travel, business and therapy.