نشریه حقوق بشر و شهروندی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، بهار و تابستان 1401)

One of the most important problems in the field of sports is the damage caused to the sports community, the financial system, and the international reputation due to the violation of contractual obligations or the termination of contracts in this field. This research aims to examine the root of the breach of contractual obligations, to guarantee its implementation, and finally, to point out the effect that such breach of obligations has on public rights. The definition of sports rights and sports contract should be mentioned, and then it will be discussed by examining the effects governing sports contracts and the origin of violations of such contracts, focusing on the contract between players and clubs, and as a case study, the standard contract of the English Premier League in the 2022-2023 season. The investigation of its dimensions should be deepened. The findings of this research show that the source of the violation of sports contracts between players and clubs is sometimes the inability of each of the parties and sometimes their refusal to fulfill contractual obligations. Due to the violation of the contract, various damages, both material and spiritual, are inflicted on the other party, which sometimes have an international aspect, all such damages will directly or indirectly affect the public interests and their material and spiritual rights, which is considered as a violation of citizenship rights.

Due to the importance of global human rights issues, the international mechanism established in this field is of particular importance. Among these mechanisms is the Human Rights Council. The purpose of this research is to examine the performance of the Human Rights Council in Bahrain. The main research question is what has been the function of the Human Rights Council in Bahrain? The hypothesis of this research is based on the fact that the performance of the Human Rights Council is under the influence of Western governments. In this research, a descriptive and analytical method was used, and the findings of this research show that the special rapporteurs of the Human Rights Council are concerned with the performance of Bahrain in specific issues such as Children's rights, rights of human rights defenders, etc. and has given recommendations in this field. Also, in the global periodic review of member countries (in 2008, 2012, 2017), this council repeatedly questioned Bahrain's performance in the field of human rights and asked Bahrain to correct the mentioned cases. The government of Bahrain, in response to the special rapporteurs and periodic reviews of the governments that have made recommendations on human rights violations in Bahrain, has sometimes accepted and modified the recommendations and sometimes considered them to be contrary to the domestic laws and the modification Those recommendations have backfired.

Although the green card issued by the police force is considered as an official vehicle ownership document according to Article 1287 of the Civil Code and Article 22 of the Law on Transportation and Transit of Goods through the Territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran, but considering the approval process, detailed discussions and opinions Regarding Article 29 of the Law on Investigation of Traffic Violations, the Guardian Council seems to have provided no legal enforcement guarantee for the non-official registration of car transfers in notaries, but the registration of car transfers in notaries is mandatory. . In the process of approving Article 29 of the Law on Investigation of Traffic Violations, the Guardian Council also found that non-receipt of revenues such as registration fees, taxes, duties, government and public rights due to non-registration of car transfers due to reduced public revenue is contrary to Article 75. The constitution stated that by amending Article 29 with its current content, the objection to Article 75 had been removed from the perspective of the Guardian Council. At present, the main reason for the dispute is the necessity or non-necessity of notarized registration of car transfers and the unwillingness to refer to notaries, the legal obligation of notaries to collect car transfer tax according to Article 42 of the VAT Law. It has been approved in 2008 that with the implementation of the sentence of Article 30 of the Value Added Tax Law approved in 1400, the payment of car transfer tax must be done before changing the license plate and the law enforcement force is obliged to pay the transfer tax.

The development and advancement of information and communication technologies along with its effective functions on many and varied issues related to human life has caused damage to the rights of citizens in the cyber space. However, the extent of the cyber space requires that a series of general legal principles and rules governs all the relationships in this space. In the present research, using library sources and descriptive and analytical research methods, it is the answer to the issue of ruling legal principles and rules on citizenship rights in the cyber space. the principle of "prohibition of detriment" can be regarded as the ruling principle in the relations between citizens and other members of the society in the cyber space; this principle prevents any detriment to the rights of citizens in the cyber space, and guarantees the harmed person. In terms of the legal rules governing the relationship between the government and citizens in the cyber space, the principle of innocence in the field of substantive matters and the principle of fair trial in the field of formal matters against the powers and means of exercising power by the government guarantee the protection of the rights of citizens in the cyber space. The principle of innocence makes cyber citizens immune from being guilty without any basis and the principle of fair trial also prevents the violation or limitation of citizen's rights in the cyber space under the pretext of ensuring security in this space.

The Islamic revolution is based on the attitude that it will proceed according to justice, and will not act against morals and humanity; Nevertheless, we still encounter gangs abusing public property, which is contrary to the values and criteria that the Islamic Revolution has achieved victory by relying on. The existence of these contradictions makes it necessary to examine the factors that cause corruption in football, of course, revealing the factors and examples of corruption in sports should not mean that corruption is spreading and cannot be fought against; Rather, it means that considering that one of the factors of lack of development in the country is the existence of corruption and lack of transparency, they should be dealt with by examining the factors in order to pursue development. If we can provide a clear definition of corruption and identify the effective factors in the formation of this phenomenon in Football we can usually find the preventive solutions and how to fight this problem; In this article, with a descriptiveanalytical approach, the etymology and then executive measures to prevent corruption in Iranian football are discussed. Examples of corruption can be seen more or less in every organization, and sports organizations, considering the important responsibility they have in developing sports and ensuring people's health, damage caused by corruption can have a deeper impact on them. One of the informal and sensitive organizations in the field of football is the Football Federation, since its related matters are of interest to different groups, especially the youth, it is necessary to pay attention to the category of corruption in this federation. There should be a fight against corruption to prevent future damage.