مجله دانشکده پزشکی اصفهان
پیاپی 743 (هفته سوم دی 1402)

Approximately 3% of the human genome is rich in GCs. These regions are often found in the promoter of genes, especially housekeeping genes and tumor suppressor genes. Amplification of these GC-rich regions can be challenging. Because the stability of GC-rich DNA sequences is higher, secondary structures are easily formed in these regions. Type 4 non-medullary thyroid carcinoma has been linked to the FOXE1 gene as a risk factor. FOXE1 belongs to a large family of transcription factors principal for the development of the thyroid gland's morphology.

With a high proportion of GC, a portion of the FOXE1 gene sequence cannot be amplified using the usual polymerase chain reaction. This work is an experimental study that deals with this issue.

The results of the present study showed that the Touchdown polymerase chain reaction, in combination with CO-amplification materials such as betaine and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), is effective in amplifying the sequence of this region of the FOXE1 gene by destruction of the secondary structures formed in the sequence and increasing the reaction product.

Using this method, GC-rich regions in additional genes with a similar degree of GC as the FOXE1 gene can be amplified.

Venous catheterization is one of the most common invasive interventions that lead to pain and anxiety in children. This study was conducted with the aim of the effect of aromatherapy of lavender essential oil on pain and anxiety caused by the placement of peripheral venous cannula in school-age children.

A clinical trial on 96 school-age children in the emergency department of Amirkla Children's Hospital, Babol; was selected through available sampling and randomly assigned to the control and aromatherapy groups in a block of four. The level of pain and anxiety was measured immediately, five and ten minutes after the completion of the venipuncture by the evaluator using a Visual analog scale and Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress.

The average pain score of children in the lavender group immediately and five minutes after the insertion of the peripheral venous cannula was not significantly different from the placebo group. But ten minutes after placing the peripheral venous cannula in the lavender group, it was significantly less than the placebo group. Also, the average anxiety score of children in the lavender group was not significantly different from the placebo group.

Only the average pain score ten minutes after placement of peripheral venous cannula in school-aged children in the lavender group was lower than the placebo group. It seems that the effect of aromatherapy will be different depending on the age group, the level of need, and the type of lavender species from which the essential oil is extracted.

Remaining the placenta and membranes is one of the risk factors for postpartum bleeding and puerperal infection. It is valuable to get familiar with the anatomy of the placenta and identify its variants to manage postpartum bleeding and puerperal infections caused by the remaining placenta and membranes. The placenta comprises three main parts: a placental disc, a three-vessel umbilical cord, and two extraplacental membranes (amnion and chorion). An amnion is a thin membrane lacking blood vessels and nerves that includes the chorionic plate and, its vessels and the fetus. There is no report on a placenta with two attached amniotic membranes in singleton pregnancy.

Case Report:

 This paper reports a placenta related to a baby boy from a singleton pregnancy with three fetal membranes (two attached amniotic layers and a chorionic layer).

In the clinical examination of the placenta, it is important to be aware of the variant of the membranes so that we can prevent possible bleeding and infection after delivery due to the retention of pregnancy products. There is also no report on the variant of membranes, so possible consequences are unknown.