نشریه دانش زیستی ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

In general, increasing the production and exploitation of aquatic animals in the aquatic ecosystem without considering its relationship and balance with other parts of the ecosystem causes a wrong assessment of the real cost and benefits of these services to the environment and society, and in the future will have negative effects. The activities carried out in the aquaculture industry lead to a decrease in the quality of water and as a result the chemical balance in water is disturbed. On the other hand, the increase in metabolic activity in aquatic animals intensifies those effects. In the aquaculture industry, attention should be paid to quality control and monitoring methods. Knowing the basic conditions of the desired water body for the construction of breeding farms and predicting the future situation of the region based on the effluents entering is very necessary.

In this study, the physicochemical conditions of Sisangan region were investigated for setting up a fish farm.

In order to determine the state of sea water quality, water sample collected for one period to analyze pollution and physicochemical variables. After determining of the variables, the TRIX trophic index was calculated and the trophic conditions of the area were determined.

Measuring the physical parameters of water from 5 to 15 meters depth showed that the variables of temperature, electrical conductivity, salinity, oxygen and pH do not change much along the depth. The measurement of nutrients indicated that the total nitrogen in the sea in the study area varies from less than 0.1 mg/liter to 2.5 mg/liter. The amount of total phosphorus in the study range varies from less than the measuring limit of the device 0.003 mg/liter to 0.007 mg/liter. According to the measurements made in these studies, the result of calculating the TRIX index is an average numerical value of 2.3.

The results of this study showed that the area is tropically oligotrophic and the water quality of the area is very good.

To implement management plans in the landscape, it is necessary to examine the range of distribution and the approximate range of distribution of different plant and animal species. Kermanshah province plays an important role in the west of the country with its unique topographical location and the presence of numerous habitats in terms of biodiversity. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution status and analyze the fators affecting the distribution of Large -scaled Rock Agama (Laudakia nupta) in Kermanshah province.

In this study, in order to investigate the range of distribution of Large -scaled Rock Agama (Laudakia nupta), field surveys were carried out in the province and different habitats of this species during the years 2018 to 2020. Then, using the species presence data and the considered habitat variables, the modeling steps were done with the help of Ensemble modeling. In this regard, 76 species presence points along with climatic variables, vegetation and precipitation were included in the distribution models. The AUC criterion was used to the importance of variables and data integration criteria.

The results indicated that modeling was successful for both single and Ensemble models. According to the forecast in Kermanshah province, the distribution of species is most influenced by soil organic carbon, vegetation cover, and altitude.

The findings of this research show that parts of the habitat that correspond to the presence of altitudes are contiguous suitability and there are areas of the habitat that are fragmented in the southeast of the province. The higher parts of the north-west of the province are not suitable for the presence of the species, which could be due to the presence of Caucasian agama (Laudakia caucasia).

Carbon dots (CDs) are one of the most important fluorescence nanoparticles, which usually have a diameter of less than 10 nanometers. The characteristics of these nanoparticles include high biocompatibility, low toxicity and chemical inertness, stable light emission. These nanoparticles are used in various fields of biology, including biosensors, drug delivery. and imaging are used.AimIn this research, the aim is to make and investigate the characteristics, biocompatibility and imaging capability of CDs synthesized from spinach leaves and chitosan by hydrothermal method.

In this experimental study, the synthesis of CDs from spinach leaves and chitosan was synthesized by hydrothermal method, and then the emission of nanoparticles was observed by the UV region; The maximum amount of absorption and emission was obtained, and the size and type of charge of nanoparticles were determined by DLS device. The viability of HEK-293T cells was evaluated by different concentrations of nanoparticles. After synthesis and characterization of synthesized CDs, its non-toxicity was checked on HEK-293T cells by MTT method. Also, the penetration of nanoparticles into the cell and the possibility of staining the cell by CDs were measured by the Citation device.

CDs synthesized with spinach extract and chitosan had emission in the red and blue range, respectively; The maximum emission wavelength of nanoparticles synthesized from spinach was observed at 670 nm wavelength, which is very favorable for cell imaging. Also, both nanoparticles are biocompatible and can stain HEK-293T cells without toxicity. CDs synthesized using chitosan are suitable for future gene delivery applications due to positive surface charge.

CDs synthesized with spinach extract and chitosan have emission in the visible region and can stain cells as cell-compatible nanoparticles.

Fat is one of the most important components of human diet. The human body needs fats to perform its daily activities. In case of eating a lot of carbohydrates, inactivity or genetic factors, some people have obesity problem. Obesity and overweight are relatively dangerous diseases. The production of vinegar from various materials has been of interest for a long time, and it is used as an effective drink for weight loss. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of vinegar prepared from button mushrooms on obesity.

12 eight-week-old male Wistar rats became obese during 4 weeks with high feeding and low exercise. The effect of edible mushroom vinegar during 2 weeks on obesity with three treatments (control group (VS) boiled vinegar group ml2 (V1), boiled vinegar group ml 1 (V2) and raw vinegar group ml 2 (V3) per kilogram of weight) was investigated. Vinegar treatment was directly entered into the stomach of rats with the help of long gavage needles.

All treatments caused significant (p<0.01) weight loss. A number of genes effective in the production of fat in the liver were investigated. Increasing GLUT4 gene expression was effective in preventing lipogenesis in all treatments of obese rats with overeating. The increase in PPAR gene expression was not significant. Increasing the expression of Adiponectin gene was effective in increasing lipolysis in all treatments of obese rats with overeating, While the increase in LPL gene expression was not significant. All 3 mushroom vinegar treatments had a positive effect on the reduction of renal enzymes ALT and ALP. V2 treatment of mushroom vinegar reduced cholesterol and triglycerides.

It was found that edible mushroom vinegar causes weight loss and also has positive protective effects on the liver.

Nowadays, the emergence of allergies, side effects of drugs, antibiotic-resistant strains, and the need of body to antioxidants emphasized the importance of herbal medicines.

Therefore, this project aims to investigate the phytochemical extract of hydroalcoholic of Polylophium involucratum harvested from the heights of the Javaherdeh - Ramsar and determine its cytotoxic effects on chronic myeloid leukemia.

To this end, Polylophium involucratum seeds were collected from the heights of the Javaherdeh, Ramsar, and extracted using a microwave assisted extraction. Then, using quantitative and qualitative phytochemical tests, determining antibacterial activity by disk emission method and finally, assessing the effect of cytotoxicity on the category of K562 cancer cells using the MTT method was investigated.

Phytochemical screening of the hydroalcoholic extract of Polylophium involucratum confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenols, quinones, and saponins. The total amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoid compounds was calculated as 12.93±2 and 7.58±7 mg/ml respectively. The percentage of free radical inhibition was obtained at 57.70±0.5 and the IC50 value was 0.66 μg/ml. The aura diameter of non-growth was observed in Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus 25, 10, and 10 mm respectively. The results of cellular toxicity also showed that Polylophium involucratum hydroalcoholic extract is dose-dependent, with the highest toxicity effect at a concentration of 50 μg/ml, and the highest bioavailability effect at a concentration of 20 μg/ml in 24 hours, with an IC50 level equal to 50.35±0.03 μg/ml with a meaningful level of 5%.

Based on the obtained results, in general, the use of effective plant compounds is considered one of the most effective strategies in the treatment of cancer, and the secondary metabolites in Polylophium involucratum extract can be a promising method in the treatment of cancer, which requires more studies and experiments are to be done in the future.

Corn is one of the valuable agricultural plants whose diversity, adaptability and high nutritional value have placed it among the most important agricultural plants in the world. Foliar spraying of nitrogen, zinc and potassium fertilizers on corn plants can provide farmers and researchers with very good information about the effect of nitrogen, zinc and potassium fertilizer consumption in the climatic conditions of Golestan province.

Considering the medicinal effects of corn cob and its importance in medicine and the presence of special effective substances in this connection in corn silk, it seems that their quantity and quality are affected by the use of nitrogen, zinc, and potassium. Therefore, examining these changes is one of the practical goals of this research.

In order to evaluate the changes resulted from nitrogen, zinc, potassium and their simultaneous application were done on some morphophysiological traits of single cross 704 hybrid maize as a randomized complete block design with four replications in spring and summer of 2019 in Golestan province, the Katoul farm. Treatments included nitrogen(N), potassium(P), zinc(Z) fertilizer and combined application of nitrogen+potassium(NP), nitrogen+zinc(NZ), potassium+zinc(PZ) and their combined application of nitrogen+potassium+zinc(NPZ) with control. The results showed the traits were affected by fertilizer sources significantly (p≤ 0.01).

The studied treatments had a significant effect on the traits of height to the first corn, number of rows, ear length and ear diameter at the time of full ripening at the probability level of (p≤ 0.01). With the application of zinc, nitrogen and potassium elements, a significant increase in the content of phenolic compounds of leaves, silk and corn seeds was observed. The flavonoids of leaves, silk and seeds were influenced by the supply of nitrogen (N), zinc (Zn), potassium (K) fertilizers and their simultaneous application. Leaf anthocyanin in foliar spraying treatments with single potassium fertilizer, due to creating optimal conditions, most of the current energy of the plant was spent in the direction of growth, development and increasing the yield of treated plants, so the biosynthesis and production of anthocyanin in corn leaves with single application of potassium was less, but silk anthocyanin And the seed with single application of potassium and simultaneous application of potassium+nitrogen, potassium+zinc, potassium+nitrogen+zinc showed a significant increase compared to the control.

according to the obtained results, the simultaneous application of fertilizers is recommended to increase the morpho-physiological traits and yield of plants.