نشریه سیاست و روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 11 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, Israel was recognized as the occupying regime of the Palestinian land. Therefore, Iran followed the policy and strategy of supporting the Palestinian movements in the fight against Israel. Israel felt threatened and tried to balance through the alliance with America against Iran. This article uses Stephen Walt's threat balance theory to answer that question why does Israel feel threatened by Iran and ally with the US? The hypothesis is that Iran's support for Palestinian resistance movements, efforts to achieve nuclear capability, Holocaust denial, and recognition Israel as the occupation regime are the reasons that Israel is closer to the US. Based on the theory of balance of threat, this is the main reason for Israel's hostility to the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Today, many critical infrastructures in the fields of energy, health, transportation (sea, air, land and even outer space) and telecommunications are highly dependent on computer systems and internet networks, Such a platform has changed the concepts of armed attacks and force as hostile states conduct their hostile operations in cyberspace, In some cases, these attacks destroy the infrastructure of a country, and the destructive effects of such actions will be far more than military operations, Therefore, the importance of developing international mechanisms is an inevitable necessity, The question is, based on which propositions do the current rules governing international relations make it possible to deal with subversive operations? And does international law have the capacity to identify cyber attacks as an example of resorting to force or not? It seems that the answer to the questions depends on the analysis of the existing international realities, Until now, binding international rules have not been established in this field, and governments only respond to these operations based on the principle of legitimate defense, However, there is no rule in the issue of compensation for damages and dividing the boundary between legitimate and illegitimate actions and it is difficult to identify cyber attacks as an example of force, In this article, the author tries to analyze a logical and descriptive interpretation of the rules of international law, the application of the said rules, focusing on the instrumental, goal-oriented and effect-oriented approach in the cyber space.

European countries coined the concept of health diplomacy in the 19th century and became the leaders of other countries in this regard. Over the past century, these countries have taken a series of measures to strengthen global health diplomacy in the light of the World Health Organization. At the beginning of 2020, the members of the union, like the rest of the world, experienced a widespread outbreak of Covid-19 within their countries. This article raises the question, given the extensive history of European countries in health diplomacy, what has been the performance of EU health diplomacy during the Covid-19 outbreak? The hypothesis of the research was based on the proposition that "European Union's health diplomacy has been effective and successful in dealing with Covid-19". A qualitative method with emphasis on the analytical-explanatory method was used to evaluate the hypothesis. The data were also collected by the library method. The findings show that the EU, contrary to expectations, did not succeed in global health diplomacy. They did not achieve significant success in any of the dimensions of post-covid health diplomacy, i.e. mask diplomacy and vaccine diplomacy. Instead of turning Covid-19 into an opportunity to strengthen its international presence and take over the leadership of the world, the EU fell into nationalism and regionalism. Also, the coronavirus pandemic showed that the propositions made by liberalists regarding the cooperation of governments and interdependence can be doubted in critical conditions and in the center of publication of these theories i.e. Europe.

Post-American world literature refers to a set of political and international thinkers' and scholars' views about the possibility of the entry of new actors into the international system and transforming the international system from a unipolar world toward multipolarity. This research seeks to examine the various perspectives and attitudes presented in this area and show the position of China as a revisionist and dissatisfied actor in this literature. Focusing on this issue, the main question of this research is what is the position of China in post-American world literature? According to the findings and results of this research, Most of the views and attitudes presented in the area of Post-American World literature consider China as one of the most likely rivals of the United States in the future and many thinkers and scholars of international relations (such as John Mearsheimer, Fareed Rafiq Zakaria, Henry Kissinger, John Ikenberry and others) believe that China will be the main challenger of the international order in the new era. The author will answer this question through the analytical-descriptive method and using empirical evidence and facts. The primary data collection method in this research is the library and the data is analyzed through logical reasoning and empirical evidence.

It is important to examine the behavior of different actors in the field of the international system that are directly related to Iran's security-political strategies. The People's Republic of China wants to play a more important role and improve its position in the strategic region of the Middle East. The main driver of the People's Republic of China in becoming more active in the Persian Gulf is the need for oil and gas energy and, in parallel, the country's ideological role in foreign policy is fading. It is from the eighties onwards. The purpose of the current research is to answer this basic question, what is the presence of China in the Persian Gulf in relation to the United States of America from the point of view of Robert Pipe's soft balancing policy? In this article, we rely on the method of collecting and analyzing information from reliable library sources and internet articles and inspired by Robert Pipe's theory of soft equilibrium. The necessity of doing this article is that with the intensification of the decline of American power in the world, China today wants a stronger position in the international system. The results of the present study show that China, in parallel with the increase in its need for fossil energy, oil and gas, and its extensive presence in The format of various commercial and economic cooperations in the form of exporting goods and services with the main actors of the Persian Gulf.

Sino-US relations have gone through a tense period over the past decade. China is rapidly and cleverly moving towards becoming a new pole in the international system, and one of the dimensions of the continuation of this trend for China is the use of the latest technologies, especially in the field of information and communication and expanding its global influence through them. The fifth generation technology of the mobile communication network, or 5G for short, is going to pave the way for the fourth industrial revolution in the contemporary history of the world, and China with realizing this has tried to become the main developer of this technology in recent years. Such technology will undoubtedly transform the economic, industrial and military spheres in the world. The main question of the present study iswhat are the reasons for 5G technology to become one of the important causes of tension in the relations between China and the United States in recent years? this article, with the purpose of analyzing the effects of this technology on the US_ China bilateral relations and by resorting to the theory of aggressive realism and the analytical descriptive methodology, proves this hypothesis that 5G technology due to its economic, security and technological effects, on the other hand the competition for its superiority, has been one of the challenges in US_ China relations.

For Gramsci, civil society means organizations and tools through which domination is scattered throughout all areas of culture and thought. Although most of the definitions consider NGOs outside the government and active in the private sector, a wide range of their activities among local, national and international governments, andDespite the fact that the actions of these organizations are apparently an impartial and popular nature,Some of them seem to have the function of promoting ideology.In the present study, American humanitarian organizations in Iraq were selected as a research fieldAnd then, using Gramsci's hegemony theory, it was shown how these organizations appear in the role of American ideology and as organic intellectuals working in the civil society space to reproduce the legitimacy of the domination group.In this study, using documentary research and quality content analysis method, the "About Us" section of the two US sites of the US International Development Agency and the Amideast Nonprofit Organization, which provide services to Iraqi audiences; Was studied.Then it was shown that the United States deals with hegemony and cultural domination in the Iraqi community by focusing on concepts such as the strengthening of civil society.Supporting peace, cultural excellence, scientific promotion and such issues,

he security of the society and protection of interests is a subject that has always been the concern of mankind since the past and very distant times, so that whenever a government intends to give concessions and accept a commitment, it is in the sense of national security and interests in the short or long term. It has paid attention and prevented other governments from dominating their country. The concept of national security in the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been an effective factor in the acceptance or non-acceptance of international obligations, and the obligations that conflict with the ideology governing the Islamic society of Iran, its policies and constitution, and have the risk of harming national security. The Islamic Council, the Guardian Council and the Expediency Council have prevented the accession of that treaty. It is natural for countries to pay attention to their national security when joining a treaty and to pay attention to treaties from the point of view of national security. By examining the articles and clauses of Palermo and CFT and analyzing their aspects from different angles, this research has tried to pay attention as much as possible to the risks caused by the implementation of these requirements on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research has been carried out in a descriptive and analytical method using library resources and the use of available scientific and reliable sites and sources.

The accuracy of China's energy situation shows that, on the one hand, the energy demand in this country is increasing strongly due to its economic growth and development, and on the other hand, due to the lack of domestic resources, the country's dependence on international resources. International is increasing. For this reason, the expansion of interaction with energy producing countries such as Saudi Arabia can provide the basis for mutual dependence. In fact, as the first major oil exporter in the world, Saudi Arabia has a high position not only in China's energy diplomacy, but also for all major and developed powers. The current research is trying to analyze and examine the position of Saudi Arabia in China's energy diplomacy. The findings of the research indicate that China attaches special importance to Saudi Arabia for several reasons: First, Saudi Arabia has been a reliable partner for customers. Second, Saudi Arabia is considered the largest exporter of oil.On the other hand, this country has the largest economy in the Arab countries, and finally, it is a very influential member of OPEC.The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, and library and internet sources were used to collect information, and according to the topic, the official statistics of OPEC, British Petroleum and the Saudi Monetary Fund will be used.

Climate change is one of the most important issues raised in the contemporary international agenda. This phenomenon specifically refers to the changes created in the environment by mainly human activities, which are associated with threats such as the increase in the level of carbon dioxide at the global level. In the meantime, the policies adopted by the great powers are more important in the overall process of dealing with climate change. So the main question of this research is that, as one of the most important major powers of the international system, especially in the economic and industrial field, what has been China's approach to climate change during the leadership of Xi Jinping during the leadership of Xi Jinping?In order to answer this question, this research uses a qualitative method to examine the most important actions and policies of the Chinese state at the two levels of speech acts and practical actions in both internal and external dimensions in facing climate change. The findings of the research show that China's leadership has paid much attention to this phenomenon at the level of speech acts and considers climate change as a security issue, and at the level of practical measures, it has tried to play the role of a responsible power in this area. The direction that can be understood in the general framework of this country's strategy in the international system.

Civilian power avoids militarism and uses soft tools to achieve its goals. Germany, Japan, and the European Union are considered as civilian powers. The purpose of research is comparing the political-security strategy of civilian power with an emphasis on Japan political – security strategy in Southwest and Southeast Asia.The question of the research is what are the characteristics of the political-security strategy of civilian powers for achieving their goals in general and Japan as a civilian power in Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia?. The results show that the civilian powers mainly rely on the power of the hegemon to provide their political security goals. It is for this reason that Japan in Southwest Asia in the form of accommodative starategy and in Southeast Asia, until 2010 in the form of same strategy, sought to realize its political-security goals, but from 2010 onwards, it seems that it intends to use the Collaborative buck-passing strategy with US to pursue its political - security goals: For this reason, it is said that in addition to soft balancing, Tokyo also uses hard balancing tools to control China. The research method used is from the type of matching the theory with the case and the comparative qualitative analysis method.