نشریه سلامت معنوی
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 7، زمستان 1402)

"Spiritual health" unlike some other dimensions of health, is complex and interdisciplinary in nature. Aside from the concept of "Health", the most important complexity in this combination is the concept of "spirituality", which has emerged in religious and secular paradigms, various and contradictory interpretations of it. The aim of the current research is to explain the optimal methodology and harms of this field of study, considering the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the issue of spiritual health.

The current research, with the analytical-philosophical method and with the approach of philosophy of science, has addressed the issue of the methodology of spiritual health studies, its quality and pathology.

Research in the field of spiritual health can proceed in two ways: 1. The integration of methods, which is included in the category of "methodological interdisciplinarity", in which problem solving is done using a range of methods. 2. The integration of theories, which is included in the category of "theoretical interdisciplinarity" and in which we will seek to combine views and theories (views). Single-method and single-view researches on the issue of spiritual health are considered as two serious harms in this field of study.

Although in mental health studies, we need both a methodical interdisciplinary and a theoretical interdisciplinary, the theoretical interdisciplinary provides the researcher with a higher and deeper level of interdisciplinary than the methodical interdisciplinary.

One of the basic objectives of Islam is to create inner transformation in human beings and teach the stages of growth and perfection to achieve spiritual health. This aim can be achieved in the Holy Quran and teachings issued by Ahl al-Bayt. Based on this, this article aims to extract and identify the fundamental principles and components of human spiritual health based on the teachings presented in the sayings of Ahl al-Bayt.

This research was done using the thematic analysis method. The statistical population was the supplications of Imam Sajjad in the book Sahifa Sajjadiyeh. The research steps are as follows: analyzing the text and extracting the basic themes, describing the text and identifying the organizing themes, and combining the text and analyzing the overarching themes. These themes have been obtained as the main categories and fundamental components of human spiritual health.

In the supplications of Sahifa Sajjadiyah to create spiritual health, eight fundamental components have been given special attention, including acquiring knowledge about God, acquiring knowledge about the Prophet of Islam and the Ahl al-Bayt, acquiring knowledge about the rules of religion, acquiring lawful property and purifying it, benevolence to the family and relatives, service to the people, tolerance with people and constant presence in the process of repentance.

The Prophet of Islam and Ahl al-Bayt as the best human educators with the concern of improving the inner areas of people's personality, have tried in their enlightening words to introduce the fundamental and necessary components of a believing and committed person so that people can be receiving these teachings and using them as their guide, they will achieve spiritual health.

Diagnosing a child with cancer is associated with a series of stressful experiences and significant suffering for the child and family members. In such situations, one of the strategies that children with cancer use to deal with the disease process is spiritual coping, which aims at managing stress and dealing with critical situations. Therefore, healthcare professionals should have sufficient knowledge regarding the role of spirituality in the care of children with cancer and consider providing spiritual care to the whole family.

The current research is a narrative review that was conducted in 2023 to investigate and identify the role of spirituality in the care of children with cancer. To access related studies, relevant keywords were searched in Persian and English databases. A total of 6 articles in the Farsi language and 42 articles in the English language were extracted. After reviewing these articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1 article in Farsi and 12 articles in English were included in the study and their results were analyzed.

After analyzing the results of the studies included in the current research, the role of spirituality in the care of children with cancer was classified into five main categories, including hopefulness, coping with the situations created due to the child's illness, achieving inner peace and tranquility, receiving support, and acceptance of the situations created due to the child's illness.

The results obtained in the present study can be used by healthcare professionals as well as managers and policymakers to provide holistic and high-quality care (including spiritual care) to children with cancer and their family members.

Students can be adapted and active both in the field of learning and in personal and social life, with the development of self-efficacy. So, the present study investigated the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between spiritual experiences and students' self-efficacy.

The research was a descriptive-correlation study on 269 Farhangian University of Qazvin province undergraduate students in the academic year 2020-2021 who were selected by the available sampling method. They answered the questionnaires on the spiritual experiences of Underwood and Tarsi (2002), mindfulness of Chadwick et al. 2008) and self-efficacy answered by Scherer and Maddox (1982) through the Internet. Pearson's correlation test using SPSS version 24 software was used to analyze the data and AMOS software was used to check the research model.

The results showed the feeling of God's presence (P<0.01, β=0.185), connection with God (P<0.01, β=0.222), and a sense of responsibility towards others (P<0.01, β=0.381 have a positive and direct effect on mindfulness. The feeling of God's presence has a positive effect on self-efficacy both directly (P<0.01, β=0.159) and indirectly and with the mediation of mindfulness (P<0.05, β=0.085). Communication with God has a positive effect on self-efficacy both directly (P<0.01, β=0.137) and indirectly and with the mediation of mindfulness (P<0.01, β=0.102). The sense of responsibility towards others has a positive effect on self-efficacy both directly (P<0.05, β=0.135) and indirectly and with the mediation of mindfulness (P<0.01, β=0.175). Mindfulness has a direct and positive effect on self-efficacy (P<0.01, β=0.460).

Based on the results, students' self-efficacy can be increased by raising awareness and raising spiritual experiences to strengthen mindfulness. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to this important issue in the policies and planning of educational systems and to think of the necessary measures to improve and promote the self-efficacy of students.

Nursing is one of the stressful occupations and psychological hardiness can be effective in controlling stress and maintaining and ensuring their health, so the present study was conducted with the aim of the role of spiritual experiences and emotional regulation in predicting the psychological hardiness of nurses.

The current research was a descriptive-correlational study. The research community included all the nurses of Birjand city in 2023. Among the qualified people, 280 nurses were selected through available sampling based on the Gujarsi and Morgan table (1971). They answered the questionnaires about the spiritual experiences of Underwood and Tersi (2002), the emotional regulation of Gross and John (2003), and the psychological hardiness of Kiamrai et al. (2007). Data analysis was performed with SPSS version 22 software.

The results showed that the correlation between emotion regulation (r=0.531) and spiritual experiences (r=0.587) with psychological hardiness was positive. Also, the components of spiritual experiences were 35.3% and the components of emotion regulation were 29.1% of the variance is explained by psychological hardiness.

The findings of the present study showed that the spiritual experiences and regulation of emotions of nurses are effective on their psychological hardiness and it can be said that with the increase of spiritual experiences and regulation of emotions of nurses, the level of psychological hardiness increases. Therefore, it is suggested that by promoting the spiritual experiences and emotional regulation of nurses, the ground for improving their psychological hardiness is provided.

Injuries and adverse childhood experiences can lead to significant psychological effects in adulthood, one of the most important of which is coping strategies. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between religious adherence and coping strategies of women with adverse childhood experiences.

This study is a descriptive correlational study. The study's statistical population included 100 women with adverse childhood experiences referred to psychological clinics in Tehran who were injured in one of 4 areas (sexual, emotional, psychological, neglect), and 81 were selected by the available sampling method. Subjects answered "the Janbozorgi Religious Adherence Questionnaire" and "Lazarus and Folkman Coping Strategies". Also, according to the time of the present study with corona conditions, the questionnaires were prepared by Google Form and administered virtually. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 and Pearson correlation and multiple regression methods.

Findings illustrated a significant relationship between subscales of religious adherence and coping strategies (P≤0/05). Religious adherence is also a strong predictor in anticipating the coping strategy of exemplary individuals. The results confirmed the role of religious adherence in coping strategies (distance, self-control, planned problem-solving, and positive re-evaluation) and in the dimension of religious ambivalence with avoidance coping strategies. Also, in the dimension of religious inconsistency, a negative and significant relationship was found between the planned coping strategy of problem-solving and the coping strategy of positive re-evaluation.

According to the research findings, it can be concluded that in women who have adverse childhood experiences, more substantial religious commitment can predict the use of positive coping strategies. As a result, religious adherence is a variable that can reinforce coping strategies (distance, self-control, planned problem-solving, and positive re-evaluation). Therefore, strengthening religious adherence can lead to an increase in the level of coping strategies of women (with adverse childhood experiences).

Patients with chronic diseases need a lot of care and impose a lot of care burden on the family. Spiritual health is the central core of human health and can reduce the burden of care and anxiety levels. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and the care burden of mothers on the anxiety of children with chronic diseases.

The present descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 108 children with chronic diseases admitted to Be'sat Hospital in Hamedan, Iran, and their caring mothers in 1401. The samples were included in the study by the available sampling method. The research tools included a demographic questionnaire, Polotzin and Ellison (1982) spiritual health questionnaire, modified Keegan Wells Cancer Child Care Questionnaire (2002), and Spence Children's Anxiety Questionnaire (1998) child version. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software.

In the present study, most of the mothers (52.8%) had high spiritual health (94.46±19.37) and average care burden (total care burden score 50.04) and children had low anxiety levels (total anxiety score 27.66). The findings showed that spiritual health had an inverse relationship with care burden, and with the increase in spiritual health, the care burden of mothers decreased (P=0.003). Also, the anxiety level of children increased with the increase in the care load and it showed a direct relationship between these two components (P=0.003). Children's anxiety level had an inverse relationship with mothers' spiritual health, so that with the increase of mothers' spiritual health, the level of children's anxiety decreased (P<0.001).

Spiritual therapy can affect the care burden of mothers and reduce their care burden. It can also be said that the amount of anxiety in children decreases with the reduction of mothers' burden of care.

Cancer patients face many challenges. They are trying to use spiritual approaches to adapt to these challenges. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a spiritual health promotion package based on the basic beliefs of kidney cancer patients in Tehran.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population was all people with kidney cancer who were members of the Tehran Kidney Cancer Society in 2022-2023, and 30 people were selected in a targeted way and randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. The health promotion package based on spiritual prosperity was implemented in the experimental group. Catlin and Epstein's (1992) Basic Beliefs Questionnaire was used to collect information. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software and variance analysis or repeated measurement.

The results indicate that the mean scores of the patients' basic beliefs between the experimental and control groups have a significant difference (P<0.001) and the spiritual health promotion package based on prosperity increases the patients' basic beliefs in patients with kidney cancer in a stable manner (P<0.001).

According to the results, the spiritual health promotion package can be effective in improving the basic beliefs of kidney cancer patients.