نشریه فرهنگ معماری و شهرسازی اسلامی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

The study and investigation of Islamic architecture with different ways of thinking, including traditionalism, historicism, and phenomenology, shows the importance of the subject from the view of Western researchers. Each of these schools of thought, while there are similarities between them, tries to express the results of their studies on Islamic architecture from their perspective. Paying attention to the difference of opinions of these views, while there are commonalities, raises these questions: How have each of these methods defined Islamic architecture? How does the difference in their reading style in understanding Islamic architecture help to understand the subject? The present study, with a comparative study of two methods of phenomenology and historicism about Islamic architecture, focusing on the opinions of Henri Stierlin and Oleg Grabar, seeks to show how each of these two views has defined Islamic architecture, and what are their similarities and differences between them? From the perspective of phenomenologists, the works of Islamic art originate from a special world that is characterized by religious teachings; A world where monotheism, supernatural and divine worlds, and religious and spiritual concepts are among its most essential elements. Historicists think of Islamic art and architecture as a historical thing that is analyzed by examining the time of occurrence and the factors (social, political, etc.) before and after it, and present a worldly and non-mystical analysis of these works. Assuming that each of Henri Stierlin's phenomenological and Oleg Grabar's historicism approaches provides a different definition of the relationship between Islam and architecture, the findings of the research show that despite the fact that Grabar pays attention to the Qur'an and the tradition of the Prophet and mentions Islam and its effects as a cultural component along with historical, political, regional ones, but from his point of view, Islamic art is an art that has nothing to do with the religion of Islam, and the relationship between Islam and art and architecture does not have a special meaning from a religious point of view. He avoids attributing symbolic religious meanings to Islamic architectural works, without relying on evidence, place and time, and only relying on theoretical discussion. While Stierlin tries to find the relationship between Islamic works and eternal truths with a meta-historical and semantic view. He considers Islamic art and architecture to be derived from the essence and teachings of Islam and considers the religious component to be the factor in the formation of the mosque building that most of its elements have a symbolic and eternal nature. Both researchers believe that Islamic art and architecture have been influenced by the elements of other civilizations. However, their disagreement is about how these elements accept the new meaning. Grabar considers the acceptance of a new meaning by being placed in a new context. While Stierlin considers the acceptance of a new meaning under the influence of Islamic religion and beliefs. The current research, using a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach, has studied formative elements and components of the mosque from the phenomenological point of view of Henri Stierlin and the historicism of Oleg Grabar.

In a world where everything is changing rapidly, we need strong foundations to prevent social disruptions and disruptions, so that through them solidarity can be maintained in societies with multiple social and cultural levels. To achieve the goal of sustainability in society, we can Educational spaces that are attended by people of all ages and groups were given special attention as an effective space for the teacher and the learner, with the aim of creating a sense of belonging and strengthening the identity between the users and the place, motivating them to work in the direction of social and cultural sustainability. increased. Since the underprivileged areas have recently received the attention of the officials and benefactors of schools to help depriving them, it is appropriate that the researchers in the field of architecture and urban planning should scientifically explain and implement this path. The future research questions are whether it is possible to contribute to the socio-cultural stability of the society with different social strata at the macro level by considering the sustainability factors in the design of schools. Which of the sustainability factors in school design has a greater impact on socio-cultural sustainability? And which of the design indicators of schools will be taken into consideration, the possibility of achieving socio-cultural sustainability will also increase? In this research, using the method of library studies, as well as the analysis of the points obtained from the questionnaire, the impact of school design indicators with socio-cultural sustainability factors, the design and form of the school and the yard were known to be influential in promoting the socio-cultural sustainability of the school body.

Today, visual sense data is often used in the process of urban space perception. According to other words, architecture has changed from a human space to a vision-oriented space; In such a way that the use of other senses is forgotten. This research insists that if the sensory stimuli of the environment can create a multi-sensory experience, it will add to the quality of the urban space.

The purpose of this research is to improve the quality of the urban space by adding to the sensory richness of the environment, with the aim of making it attractive for all different social, age, and gender groups and those with low abilities in terms of senses.

This research was conducted with a qualitative strategy; Thus, after recognizing the types of sensory stimuli of the environment and the solutions to increase the richness of the local axes based on the phenomenological approach, the Hosam axis in the city of Rudsar was selected as a case study, and the criteria for evaluating the quality of the environment at three levels were extracted for it. Then, a Likert questionnaire was prepared and with the method of field observation, sensor studies, interviews and questionnaires, the quality of these stimuli was collected, evaluated and analyzed.

Hosam axis, having rich sensory stimuli, has kept the spatial quality of this axis at a high level in terms of desirability. If these stimuli are improved, they increase qualities such as peace and silence, safety, multiple feelings and perceptions, stimulating imagination and memory, space experience and a unifying imagery in space.

In terms of the influence of these stimuli, the importance of taste stimuli is more than other sensory stimuli; And after that, the stimuli of hearing, hearing, smell, muscles and vision are located in order. Solutions such as connecting the alley and dead end to the main thoroughfare, lighting the hidden alleys at night, reducing the noise of passing cars, paving the thoroughfare suitable for pedestrians and the blind, and creating uses and activities at different times in this axis are useful recommendations.

Urbanscape, as the first field that the observer encounters in the city, is one of the most influential factors in urban design. One of the symbolic elements in the urbanscape is the presence of mosques in Islamic cities. The physical effect of these spaces in some periods of history was to the extent of giving identity to the urbanscape and giving meaning to the environment, and it made it readable and oriented. But the changes created in the architectural structure and contemporary urban planning have given another shape and image to the place of today's mosques. In this research, which has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method, the authors analyze the position of traditional and contemporary mosques in the urbanscape of contemporary cities with the aim of improving the visual and semantic quality of urbancapes and relying on semiotics and attention to the design of mosques is emphasized in urban legibility. The statistical population of the research consists of 78 architecture and urban planning students of Zanjan Islamic Azad University in 2021-2022. The statistical sample, which was 65 people according to Cochran's formula, was randomly selected from the statistical population. In the descriptive part, the information was collected in a library and documentary manner about the selected contemporary mosques in Tehran, and the statistical data was done by completing a researcher-made questionnaire, which was prepared with an emphasis on the semiotics approach about modern urban signs and mosques. The mosques studied in the research are: Tehran University Mosque and Tarbiat Modares University (traditionalist), Al-Ghadir Mosque and Zarabkhaneh Mosque (historical), Al-Javad Mosque and Shahrak-e- Gharb (Modernist) and Imam Reza and Amir-alMominin mosques (transcendent).The evaluations are based on the semiotics approach in the form of three dimensions "physical", "functional" and "semantic" with 16 criteria, through t-test statistical tests and multivariate regression. The criteria investigated in the research are: color of materials, type of materials, form and shape of the building, size and scale of the building, visibility of the building, combination of the building with the adjacent texture (physical dimension), intensity of use, type of use and time of use, age group of users, User group (functional dimension) and collective memories, behavioral location, sense of place, spatial identity (semantic dimension). Surveys show that, from the point of view of the statistical community, the degree of realizability of contemporary mosques as a sign in the current situation is at a medium or even low level; So that the "physical" dimension with an average of 3.19 has more realizability compared to other dimensions (functional dimension, 2.98 and semantic dimension 2.74). Among the criteria, the criteria of "shape and form of building" with an average of 3.524 and the criterion of "place identity" with an average of 2.014 have the highest and lowest levels of realizability, respectively. The results of this research show that in the process of modernization of cities, mosques are of secondary importance as elements of identity and by losing their relationship with the structure of the city and neighborhoods, their function is also changing.

During recent decades, new constructions in the historical fabric of Rasht City have generally been erected without paying attention to the historical patterns of building placement in the related plots, which has resulted in severe damage to this context. Currently, for the first time, the "specific design guidelines for the historic fabric of Rasht city" are being prepared, which will be included in the plan of this city, if approved. In this regulation, in addition to other issues, the issues of "building coverage ratio (BCR)" and "building placement" have been specifically addressed. The present study is an attempt to criticize and modify this regulation based on a typo-morphological study and aims to protect and continue the relevant historical patterns in new constructions. In the current research, by referring to the aerial photos of Rasht from 1956, 1976, and 2022 and related maps and documents, an attempt is made to investigate the historical patterns used in determining the footprint of residential buildings. The condition of Qajar houses in 1956 is compared with new houses until 2022, and a total of 305 houses are examined. The investigated variables include the common patterns of building placement, the common sizes of length and width, the ratio of width to length of building masses, the depth of courtyards, and the BCRs. The current research indicates that the new regulation, instead of continuing the historical patterns of the fabric, tries to stabilize its new patterns. In the following, based on the findings of the research, some recommendations are presented to be included in the new regulation. It is expected that the use of these tips will help to harmonize the new and old constructions in terms of the shape and geometry of the building footprint.

Parametric architecture, as one of the significant design approaches in the contemporary era, has paved the way for diverse and creative design in the production of new forms for architects and urban designers. Despite the valuable results and potentials of parametric architecture, we see the formation of uncoordinated designs or poorly connected with the design context in some examples. It reduces the significance of cultural contexts in form design and the lack of differentiation of the architecture of different regions and the uniformity of cities and their architecture. Thus, given the weaknesses in the compatibility of designs with a parametric approach with the cultural components of the design context, it is significant to reread its relationship with cultural contextualism. In this regard, explaining the parametric architecture model based on cultural contextualism is necessary to identify the dimensions, criteria, and components to determine the effective and influential dimensions by leveling the dimensions and identifying the relationships between them. The present study was conducted to identify and level the dimensions of the parametric architecture model based on cultural contextualism. The method of this study in the first step is library research and literature review related to the primary fields of research to identify the criteria, components, and dimensions for building the model. In the second step, ISM approach and MICMAC analysis were used to level and identify the relationships and evaluate the degree of determining power of each dimension. The ISM approach is based on the evaluation and judgment of experts. The samples were selected using non-probabilistic and purposeful sampling. For this purpose, 25 experts in the fields of architecture, urban design, and urban planning participated in the study in two categories of academic and technical-experimental professors. Information related to the ISM approach was collected through a questionnaire and as a pairwise comparison of variables. Based on the related literature review, a model consisting of 44 criteria, 20 components, and 9 dimensions was explained. Also, the results of the ISM approach indicate that the relationships between variables can be distinguished in three levels. In the first level, variables are primarily the outcomes of the variables of the other two levels and can be observed as more objective variables. At the basic level of the dimensions of the desired model, the dimension of "Rule-based designing in accordance with the cultural context" can be observed. Apart from this dimension, which as a basic variable affects other dimensions and is less affected by them, other dimensions have a mutual relationship with each other. Thus, creating systematic structures and combining technical elements with cultural elements is the basic principle in reaching parametric architecture based on cultural contexts. For this purpose, cultural patterns should be integrated with mathematical and geometric relationships in such a way that cultural themes can be expressed in the regular geometric or free and complex geometry forms using computational methods. This requires achieving a common language in fields such as architecture, culture and mathematics to explain systematic and applicable patterns in contemporary architecture.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the conservation of landscapes and cultural landscapes in particular have confronted numerous management challenges. The complexity and extension of the cultural landscape concept are considered to be one of the main reasons for the existing challenges. Within the past few decades, these challenges have been answered by the introduction of the “Landscape approach” in conservation and management. In many cases, particularly those cultures which are rooted deep in their literature, the landscape management approaches have not been implemented properly. In this regard, cultural landscape categorisation and classifications have been introduced in these geographical regions, however, the most appropriate methods for managing these landscapes have been neglected in serious discussions.In the geographical territory of Iran, three world heritage sites of Uramant cultural landscape, the Maymand cultural landscape, and the Bam cultural landscape have been inscribed in the World Heritage List over the past few years. In this paper, the authors will investigate the Maymand World Heritage cultural landscape, as the first case in planning a landscape management framework, to prepare the grounds to discuss the international landscape management frameworks proposed by four pioneer landscape conservation and management organisations. In this research, authors have revised the contemporary landscape management framework of the Maymand cultural landscape based on the introduced planning and management frameworks by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, the International :union: for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the European Landscape Convention by the Council of Europe, and the United States National Park Service (US-NPS). Furthermore, they have also referred to the existing contextual management and planning frameworks of the Maymand cultural landscape to propose their optimised landscape planning and management framework.

One of the geographical spaces that has long been a reflection of the ideology of the ruling systems, and one of the most important intellectual, philosophical, artistic, industrial and productive achievements of human civilizations and societies is the phenomenon of the city, which is both relatively durable and the manifestation of beliefs and values. It is the culture of the society and it affects the human behavior and at the same time it expresses the identity of the society in the eyes of the world and history. The city should create a decent environment for humans. It should also respond to the characteristics of the land, nature, history and the moods of its people and have a suitable answer for the instructions and rules of life. At the same time, it is affected by people's beliefs and opinions. There is a special relationship between Islam and urban life, and the promotion of Islam has been manifested by the development and promotion of urban life. The justice-oriented city and society is one of the issues raised in the field of Islamic thought and thought and one of the distinctive features of the Islamic utopia. In today's world, economic and social inequalities can be seen as a pervasive and expanding phenomenon. Considering the negative effects of unfair and unequal distribution of facilities and services in the formation of ecological, economic, social, physical and cultural injustices, paying attention to the basic principles of Islamic justice in each of the above indicators and components can lay the foundation for the development of Provide balanced and fair and equal distribution of facilities and services in all regions. In this regard, one of the most important issues that Islam relies on is the issue of protecting people's rights and property and generally implementing social justice. Investigating social justice from the perspective of the Islamic city in three economic, social and physical dimensions is the aim of the present study, and in this regard, one hundred and sixteen traditional neighborhoods of Tabriz city have been selected as case samples. The present research is a quantitative research. The research data is secondary and primary and was extracted from the shape file of Tabriz city master plan 2016 and Tabriz population statistical block 2016. The library method was used to collect the information of the present study. Shannon's entropy model was used to weight them, TOPSIS model was used to rank localities, and Moran's index was used to check whether or not there were clusters in the availability of localities at the level of regions. The results show that in terms of the realization of social justice among the neighborhoods of Tabriz city, ostandari alley, valiasr, Golshahr neighborhoods got the first ranks and Ghorbani, Sorkhab and Mofeteh neighborhoods got the last ranks and generally the neighborhoods in the east side have a better situation. Spatial autocorrelation of the level of localities at the level of regions indicates that there is no significant clustering at the level of Tabriz metropolis

The emergence of Covid-19 has extensively changed people's lifestyle. Returning to house/home was deemed to be one of the primary changes. The house from where we moved away in pursuit of modernity, and we used to spend most of the day and night in urban spaces and streets, and had been converted only into a dormitory, now has to meet many needs. Thus, the feeling of a need to change the environment, the body, and the concept of house arose in the heart of the society after the spread of Covid-19. The present work was to obtain possible scenarios for the future of house respecting the impact of Covid-19 disease and human health. To this, futurism was used and alternative metaphors - the basis for writing scenarios- were extracted by deepening of the four layers of Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) method. Four different scenarios were finally obtained from the combination of CLA and Scenario Writing. The scenarios, according to James Detour's method, discuss four different states for the future: the best state, the worst state, unchanged state, and out-of-the frame state. The scenarios were captured as the following order: the smart house and the house as the world's center, the flexible and self-sufficient house, the green house and house as the "home", and the fantasy and free house. At all times, human survival has depended on the correct response to a series of needs born and raised with man since his creation. The needs require correct response in any era in order improve quality of life. The need to have shelter is one the human being's wants that early man met it by taking refuge in caves. However, the way to meet the need for shelter has changed over time and due to the impact of other aspects on life and lifestyle, so that the cave of early humans has turned into a smart house today. The emergence of Covid-19 has extensively altered individuals’ lifestyle. Returning to homes was deeded to be one of the biggest alterations.

Tabriz is located on a large and active tectonic fault, belongs to a complex system connecting the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey to Alborz, in Iran. Today, more than 600 historical buildings have been identified in Tabriz, that need to be analyzed and conserved. Due to the lack of guidelines dealing with historical constructions, the evaluation of the seismic safety of those buildings is compromised. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the seismic safety of historical buildings using the Italian Guidelines, demonstrating that the approach must be scientific, rather than intuitive. Six historic masonry buildings, built in the Qajar period, were selected as demonstrative case studies. The seismic vulnerability of the buildings was investigated using Level1 (LV1) and Level3 (LV3) of the Italian Guidelines on Cultural Heritage. Furthermore, the efficiency and accuracy of the LV1 method in evaluating the seismic safety was determined by comparison with the LV3 results. The results show the seismic vulnerability of investigated buildings as a sample of the historic buildings in Tabriz. It is also concluded that LV1 and LV3 methods are not alternatives to each other but belong to two different levels of evaluation, with conservative results for the former.

The lack of agreement among experts on the substantive and procedural approach of urban design on the one hand and the growing trend of theoretical studies in the direction of clarifying identical positions on the other hand, shows the necessity of examining contemporary theories in a multi-dimensional continuum. This research aims to verify what are the important contemporary areas of urban design, with the question of whether a kind of thematic alignment can be recognized in terms of theoretical concepts? 43 theoretical articles screened out of a total of 717 articles published in the period from 2000 to 2022 in the urban design magazine and identify 6 topics and 26 tendencies, including: goal with tendencies 1- human-community, 2- space-place, 3- geography- domain 4- Time, scope of intervention with trends 1- texture, 2- public realm, 3- physical levels and public and private areas, 4- infrastructures, 5- social interactions, users and space management, scale with trends 1- detail, 2- Personal building and block, 3- Neighborhood, 4- Urban spaces, region and city, 5- Infrastructure and structure, 6- Region, urban system, urban suburbs, and 7- The world, a product with trends 1- Rule - law, 2- modeling and 3-dimensional, 3- strategy and policy, and 4- program and report, process and method with trends 1- comprehensive and mass-oriented, 2- dynamic and permanent, and 3- mixed and decision-making with trends 1 - Scientific experts, 2- Politicians and capitalists, and 3- Public-private partnership and beneficiaries and influencers.