نشریه جامعه شناسی فرهنگ و هنر
سال پنجم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

The concept of subjectivity and its entry into the philosophical and sociological Topics is one of the changes that the Renaissance brought, and the basis of its awareness and actions became one of the issues that studied and discussed among theorists of philosophy and social sciences. So that the various approaches of subjectivity, such as freedom and will, consciousness, subjugation, self-construction, being, existence, ideology and social construction, are among the most controversial sociological and critical theories of the current era. This research is conducted using a documentary method and by referring to various books and articles, the opinions of scholars on the subjectivity are reviewed. In this way, it is tried to address the research question of "how the subject and the subjectivity are formed". This study shows that the approaches and theories related to subjectivity can be classified in three general patterns: Classical and existential pattern, being pattern and prescriptive pattern. Based on these three patterns, the subject's actions and consciousness are based on a spectrum between absolute ego to absolute subjugation and control. Classical and existential theories are on the absolute ego side of the spectrum. But with the emergence of Hegel, the approaches related to subjectivity distance from the absolute ego and the responsible subject. But the absolute self, unlike German idealism, which has a social dimension and limitations (transcendental knowledge in Kant's approach and intersubjectivity in Fichte's approach), has no limitations and even no essence. In response to the main question of the research, "finding an answer to the subjectivity", it can be said that the subject's actions and consciousness are placed on a spectrum between absolute ego and absolute subjugation and control. Classical and existential theories emphasize on the absolute ego, while the Hegel defines subjectivity different from the absolute ego and the responsible subject. In fact, Hegel's theory, as a theory of intersubjectivity, is considered as the starting point and it prepares the basis for the formation of being and prescriptive models of subjectivity in the 20th century.

Pierre Bourdieu, French sociologist, revolutionized the study of cultural sociology by introducing the theory of social fields and concepts such as distinction, habitus and doxa, whose influences on related theories remain to this day. Although he did not directly express his views on urban spaces and architecture, this is one of the most important areas in which Bourdieu's concepts can be analyzed. The relation between society and culture with urban spaces and architecture is an important issue that can be well reflected and analyzed in the context of cinema. City and urban architecture have had a close, continuous and notable relationship with cinema since the advent of this art. The following study, by selecting Asghar Farhadi's latest film "A Hero", as the case study, examines how architecture and urban spaces are influencing the film and also reflected by it, and uses Pierre Bourdieu's views for analysis. During the analysis of this article, the effects of the city of Shiraz, the urban landscape, the houses and the culture arising from them, and finally the social fields have been discussed. Then, the reflection of sociological concepts in these cases have been identified. This study shows how the city of Shiraz and its urban spaces and architecture have adapted to the key concepts of Bourdieu and by presenting various fields such as prison, charities, bazaars has advanced its narrative.

With ongoing modernization and the beginning of development in Iran, the family has always undergone changes and transformations and is affected by different ideas. For this reason, the concept of patriarchy expressed in cultural signs, due to different valuations and its inseparable connection with society and power relations,, which is the result of an extensive research about family discourse in young adults' fictions, by examining the works in the 5 decades period of fictions writing for teenagers, we tried to find the dominant discourse in each period and the changes in the representation of patriarchy in these works. Studies show that in different time periods, the discursive representation of patriarchy, affected by the social changes of the family structure, has been as follows: 1. The first period, the 50s (metaphorical and ideological period of the family: the father in the sense of absolute power); 2. The second period at 60s and 70s: patriarchy (acceptance of power and emotionalization); 3. The third period at 80s: representation of patriarchy and resistance against it 4. The fourth period at 90s: father's absence and children's empowerment. The results show that, in the considered period, major changes can be witnessed in the representation of the patriarchal discourse, which is completely different from the discourse of the previous period, and it shows that the power and resistance between father and child, from the flow of the absolute power of the father, has progressed towards the removal of the father and the empowerment of the children.

The aim of the present research was to identify some characteristics of cinemagoers in Zahedan city and to examine the relationship between types of capital and their cinematographic tendencies. Since the achievement of the above-mentioned goal depends on knowing the tendency and taste of people, as well as examining their cultural taste according to their assets or capital, in this research, Pierre Bourdieu's approach has been used as a theoretical guide. The research method in this research was also quantitative with the aim of describing and explaining the investigated phenomenon and using the researcher-made questionnaire tool. The statistical population of the research was all customers of cinemas in Zahedan at the time of data collection and the sample size was 232 people who were selected as a whole number of people willing to cooperate. The findings of this research show that cultural and social capitals have a significant relationship with many cinematic tendencies of Zahedani cinemagoers. While economic capital does not show such a significant relationship. Also, all the background characteristics investigated by Zahedani cinemagoers, including gender, age, marital status, ethnicity, religion, level of education, activity status and economic class of the family, at least some of them have a significant relationship with their cinematic tendencies.

Lifestyle is a coherent set of behaviors that is manifested in the form of consumption. During the last four decades, the lifestyle has undergone fundamental changes. The aim of the current research is to study the ethnographic changes in lifestyle (clothing and food) in the process of urban development in Izeh. The research methodology is based on interpretative paradigm. In this regard, in order to answer the research questions and objectives, the ethnographic method was chosen. In this regard, 23 informants who were selected by purposeful sampling were included in the study. The obtained data were analyzed through Grounded analysis and concepts, sub-categories and main categories were extracted. The findings of the research show that the spontaneous settlement of the nomads and the change of the natural ecosystem to the man-made ecosystem has brought about a change in the lifestyle of the residents in the study area. The change in the ecosystem gradually changed the arrangements for preparing food and the type of clothing, and urbanization as a man-made ecosystem has replaced the behavioral patterns of "individualism" and "consumerism" with the behavioral patterns of "collectivism" and "productivity". Qapu board of nomadic, the implementation of the provisions of the White Revolution, including land reforms, the sending of the Knowledge Corps to rural areas and the nationalization of forests and pastures led to the intensification of rural migrations, the increase of the city population and, consequently, the changes in lifestyle in the studied area.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between the national media, the provincial TV channel and the Kurdish language overseas satellites on the dimensions of the national and ethnic identity of the Kurds in Oramanat region of Kermanshah, which was conducted with a survey method and the use of a questionnaire among a sample of 400 citizens of four cities of Javanroud, Paveh, Ravansar and Salas Babajani. The obtained data were processed and analyzed through spss software. The findings of the research show that the amount of use of the national media (1 hour and 45 minutes) and the provincial TV channel (half an hour) compared to virtual space and the Internet (4 hours) and even satellite (about 2 hours) was much less, which shows that respondents' satisfaction with national and provincial media is very low. In terms of identity, the average number of ethnic identities is (4) and national identity is (3.5), which is at an average level. The inferential results of this study showed that the national media (beta 0.22) and the Zagros provincial TV channel (beta 0.19) have a positive and direct effect on national identity, which explains a total of 13% of respondents' national identity. Also, age (beta 0.14) has a positive effect on national identity, and the use of Kurdish language satellites (beta -0.12) has a negative effect on national identity. On one hand, out of all the studied variables, only Kurdish-language satellites with beta (0.21) have had a positive effect on ethnic identity, and in total, 5% of the variance of ethnic identity is related to these Kurdish-language overseas media. In the meantime, the amount of use of new social networks with beta (-0.12) had a negative effect on ethnic identity. On the other hand, in relation to the respondents' religious identity, the national and provincial media explained only 9.5% of the respondents' religious identity, and more than 90% of the unexplained variance is related to factors other than the national and provincial media. In general, the identity of the Kurds has suffered a kind of ambiguity and dissatisfaction among the people of Oramanat. On one hand, the Kurds are not satisfied with the representation of their culture and history in the national and provincial media, and on the other hand, although some of the programs of the Kurdish overseas satellite networks have been effective in attracting people's attention, their programs are not compatible with maintaining the territorial and identity integrity of the country, and they cause problems for the mutual trust of the government and the people and social participation, especially in political dimensions.

Ecological violence against women is a type of violence in which women are oppressed in connection with nature and its elements. This kind of violence points to a kind of bond between women and nature, which degrades both of them to the level of passive subjects. In this research, the ecological violence against women in the stories of dervishian has been investigated and analyzed using a descriptive and analytical method. Darvishian is one of the realist writers of Persian literature, and the female characters in his stories are characters without will and freedom based on existing realities. The necessity of conducting this research is to show the type of socio-cultural insight of the period in which the stories were formed. The results of the research indicate that poverty in all its dimensions, superstitions, culture and existing beliefs intensify violence against women and nature has a greater share in this representation due to its greater connection with women. The male characters of Dervishian stories, even when they commit oppression against women, represent them in the form of environmental elements. This representation shows the connection and fit between the two. In Dervishian stories, female characters are passive subjects who, like nature and its elements, cannot defend themselves

The current research seeks to identify the meanings, concepts, implications and indicators of measuring educational efficiency to describe, analyse, compare and evaluate the ruling policies and ideologies among schools, especially government and non-government high schools, and the consequences and solutions faced accordingly.  It considers the policy of privatization of schools.  This qualitative research is a descriptive meta-analysis and a systematic review.  The statistical population of the research includes 72 selected articles in the field of factors related to educational efficiency and educational justice between government and non-government high schools, after review, 25 of them were described, analyzed and compared.  The data of the research was collected by referring to the quarterly journal of the fields of education and training, the comprehensive portal of humanities, the scientific information base of academic Jihad, Iran Dog. They showed that the concept of educational justice in non-government high schools compared to government high schools means equal enjoyment in terms of educational access, educational facilities, and the functioning of the educational system, although it has worked well in the fields of education, management, and social opportunities, but education as an economic commodity in other cultural and social fields has led to the emergence and continuation of class and social gap between people. If the background and capabilities of low-income people are not paid attention to and these people do not have equal opportunities to participate in government positions for policymaking in the social and cultural fields, in the future we can witness the occurrence of damages and social issues to compensate for the lost opportunities.  It was from this group of people in the society.

The culture of a nation or country can express customs, traditions, and values that are formed on the basis of behavioral interactions of the same nation or country and have undergone an evolution, confrontation, or exchange. Auditory culture is considered as one of the sub-branches of culture, of which the musical auditory culture is one of its branches. The reasons for the divergence of musical auditory culture from the Naseri Period began with the entry of military music into the body of Iranian music, and factors such a modernism, religious ceremonies, the omission of Iranian instrument instruction, and the spread of note-based instruction are considered to be the main reasons for this occurrence. This article investigated the reasons for the divergence of Iranian musical auditory culture from its cultural and artistic originality from the Second Pahlavi Period to the 1979 Revolution. The method of analysis of this article is qualitative and, in nature, it is historical and descriptive-analytical. The necessary data has been collected through library research. The results showed that since the Second Pahlavi Period until the Revolution of 1979, radio and television, performance halls and cafes, recording and broadcasting of musical works, and cultural centers were also added to the previous four factors.  Although efforts were made to revive Iranian music, such endeavors could not offer the necessary resistance against the wave that carried non-Iranian music. Therefore, Iranian music continued in parallel with the contexts upon which western music was presented.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of the subjective dimensions of the sense of security in the social participation of border residents of Kurdistan province in the formal and informal dimensions, the research method is quantitative, cross-sectional in terms of time, and practical in terms of purpose, which is using the survey method. And the questionnaire tool was done. The statistical population of all residents of the villages of Saqez (58092), Baneh (43365), Marivan (84074) and Sarovabad (36643) in Kurdistan province, which in 1402-1401 according to the census of 1395, the rural population of this province was a total of 222174 people. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 384 people. Sampling was done by classification method and the number of samples was distributed based on population share in each village and questionnaires were randomly distributed among them and data analysis was used with SPSS software. The findings of the research showed that the contribution of each of the subjective dimensions of the feeling of social security on the social participation of the border dwellers according to the order of effect includes: social trust (0.487), religious adherence (0.417), feeling of peace (0.371), awareness It is from individual rights (0.020). The results of the research showed that the independent variables are able to explain the changes in the social participation variable, therefore, the social trust component is the highest and the awareness of individual rights is the lowest, the feeling of social security among the residents of the villages of the border areas of Kurdistan province has an impact on the social participation of individuals.