نشریه شبهه پژوهی مطالعات قرآنی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 7، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

revelation is a theological , interpretive , and philosophical subject and one of the most fundamental religious teachings is considered . ~~~ the present study criticizes the principles of knowledge of revelation as an agent of intellectual flow .the teachings of the qur ' an on the nature of the quranic revelation , the wisdom of knowing the quranic revelation and its religious experience , based on the qur ' anic revelation and its gradual decay with the historicity of revelation and its continuation with the historicity of quranic scholars , criticism and the nature of quranic revelation , the absence of it in the time and place of the revelation and the knowledge of the quranic revelation , is proved .in the quran and the miracle in eloquence and eloquence , the existence of the prophet and those verses that reveal the revelation of the quran by god revealed that the words of the quran be revealed .

The virtue of the Ahl al-Bayt is taken from numerous verses in the Qur'an, including the eighth verse of Surah Al-Insan. The Republic of Shiite commentators knows the reason for its revelation about the Ahl al-Bayt: but the Sunni commentators are not in agreement on this issue, some agree with the Shiite commentators on the reason for its revelation, They do not reject the verse and some of them look at it with denial. Qurtubi is one of those deniers who has based his denial on the suspicion of Tirmidhi. This article has criticized the suspicions of al-Tirmidhi and his arrogance in the form of two kinds of violations and dissent, and the suspicion of Mecca and civilization of the surah. As a result, the doubts mentioned in the holy verse have been rejected and the way of proof has caused its revelation. 

One of the theological topics that has always been of interest to Muslim Quran scholars and has been specially analyzed and studied in recent years is "pluralism" or "religious pluralism". Some contemporary religious modernists, such as Abdul Karim Soroush, have cited some verses of the Holy Qur'an in which the straight path is mentioned in indefinite form, and have considered it as a reason for the multiplicity of the straight path and have claimed religious pluralism. Among the verses that have been cited are: “Indeed, you are on a straight path” (Zukhruf / 43), ”on a straight path” (Yasin / 4), “and guided him to a straight path” (Fath / 2), “and guides you to a straight path” (Nahl / 121) which in the first three verses, guidance on the straight path, is related to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and in the fourth verse, is related to the prophet Ibrahim (AS).The approach of the present article, which is organized by descriptive-analytical method, using the opinions of Quranic commentators and thinkers, especially Allameh Tabatabai, considers the mentioned verses as a reason for regarding, valuing and respecting to the straight path and rejects the citation of these verses on religious pluralism. The path to happiness and the religion of truth is considered to be the religion of Islam, which solely contains the Straight Path.

The book "Critique of the Quran" written by Dr. Soha has been published in cyberspace in recent years. The author of the book is unknown, then again it’s unknown whether he is a person or a group, Muslim or non-Muslim. In any case, according to the author or authors, there are certain doubts in the Qur'an. This highlights the need to pay attention to the critique of this book. In the meantime, more than a case-by-case response to doubts, it is necessary to identify and critique the intellectual foundations of the author or authors of this book that form the foundations of doubts. In this research, by the method of qualitative content analysis with a conventional approach, the hidden or invisible themes indicating the intellectual foundations that form doubts are revealed. The research findings show7  categories of using unreliable sources, imposing personal views, proposing blasphemous beliefs, denying the principles of belief, scientism and scientific expansionism, not providing scientific and sound documents and not being familiar with the rules of the Qur'anic sciences and its interpretation are the result of a combination of 14 concepts. These concepts resulted from signs. Then from the connection of signs, concepts and categories, the main themes, ie interpretation by personal opinion, the apostasy of the author, the formal rationality of the modern world and the lack of scientific standards of interpretation are obtained. Many doubts can be answered jointly by referring to the obtained categories and themes.

The Holy Qur'an, in addition to several verses, speaks of the immunity of the Prophets (peace be upon them) and especially the Holy Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him), of committing sins, mistakes, slips and forgetfulness, and commands absolute obedience to them; The same obedience that exposes the infallibility of the great prophets (peace be upon them) and considers their sacred status free from any immorality and impureness. However, from the research on the written heritage of Sunni narrators, historians and commentators, we come across narrations about the personality, affairs and authorities of the divine prophets (peace be upon them) whose content and nature are in clear contradiction with the texts of the Holy Quran. This hadiths, which attribute ridiculous and indecent accusations to the holy site of those Imams, unfortunately, is also documented by Sunni theological views and beliefs, thus have changed their attitudes and beliefs towards the various dimensions of the personality and characteristics of the Prophets, including the dear Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his family). The idea of ​​non-Shiite scholars about the infallibility of the prophets (peace be upon them) is also among the feathers who have been no exception to this issue; Accordingly, the author in this article, considering the importance of the issue of infallibility of the prophets and explaining the truth and its scope, while applying the views and opinions of followers of different Sunni sects about the infallibility of the prophets in general and the infallibility of the Holy Prophet of Islam and his pure progeny which has specifically criticized the texts of the Holy Quran.

Worship of God is the main philosophy of human life and the call to monotheism and worship of Allah, which is one of the instinctual and natural needs of man, has always been the headline of the mission of all prophets and preachers of God and all religions and Islamic sects agree that worship is only for God. However, the Begging-like behavior of some Muslims, such as the Shiites who call upon the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and other saints, or humiliate and humble themselves in front of their graves, has been severely criticized by Mohammad Rashid Rida in his commentary of Al-Manar. While the general Muslims have always acted in this way throughout history, not only in belief, but in their behavior. This research was conducted with the library method and analytical and comparative approach of Allameh Tabatabai and Rashid Rida, with the aim of achieving the correct point of view from the Quran’s perspective and removing the accusation against Shiites in worshiping saints and polytheism in worshiping the one God. By examining the basic concepts, especially the concept of worship and prayer in dictionaries and their Qur'anic applications, it became clear that the examples of supplication and worship to non-Allah, which have been criticized by Rashid Rida, are not only away from polytheism but in the direction of monotheism and worship of Allah.

In several verses, the Holy Qur'an warns the children of Adam about following and obeying the devil and introduces the Satan as the enemy of man. However, some biased people, citing some verses, consider the creation of Satan expelled from the divine door as the cause of man's misguidance and consequently the descent of torment [upon the earth]. This issue clarifies the need to explain and answer this doubt. In this article, with analytical-critical method and by reflecting on the meaning of the verses under discussion and their accurate interpretation and explanation, it becomes clear that the creation of Satan is not only purposeful and not for human misguidance, but also a means for divine testing and human perfection. The reason of giving Satan the respite is not also to mislead man, but as a result of his previous worships and the completion of his ordeal. The limit of Satan's realm is only temptation and he has no genetic dominance over man. Hence, Satan has dominion only over those who have accepted his guardianship not over the sincere believers.

An examination of the doubts raised against the Qur'an shows that the source and axis of many literary debates is the lexical type of the words of the Qur'an; Therefore, the present article intends by examining some doubts that are centered on lexicology, by the method of description and analysis, emphasizing the need for research in linguistic and Quranic terminology and using the correct and sound rules of lexicology for interpretation of the Qur'an and to answer to doubts. In this study, it was found that the source of the doubts of the three-day fast of Ramadan, the incompatibility of human creation with scientific discoveries about the combination of jumping water from the bones of the man's back and the middle of the woman's breasts, and the doubt of incompatibility of Jesus' speech in the cradle based on the Christian sources, rooted in Lack of correct knowledge of the meaning of the words "Yutiqunah" and "Ayyaman Ma'ududat" in verse 184  of Baqarah, "Tara’ib" in verse 7  of Tariq and "Sabiyy" in verse 29  of Surah Maryam, and can be relied on by using lexical sources. The Qur'an itself and the choice of meaning according to the scientific and historical facts of these words from among their various meanings, answered the mentioned doubts.

The syntactic usage of some words in the Qur'an is not in line with the common rules of Arabic grammar, and this has been a pretext for opponents of the Qur'an since its revelation to attribute literary errors in the structure of the book known as literary miracles, eloquence and rhetoric to drive it out of revelation and diminish the tendency of human beings to Islam. Among them is a book called "Critique of the Qur'an" which has been published recently and in a part of it, the suspicions regarding the Qur'anic errors in the cover of modern literature are presented. The present study, while categorizing and selecting the most prominent syntactic doubts of the mentioned book about the nominative cases (marfou’at), including: "incompatibility of verb with subject", "the noun of “lakinna” being nominative", "the noun of “inna” being nominative" and "the masculinity of predicate of a feminine nouns", and the accusative cases (mansubat), including: "Subject in nominative construct", "Unreasonably function of an exception", "Exclusion of majority from minority" and "Plurality of the noun followed a number", tries to examine them descriptively-analytically and explain the most important related criticisms based on sound reasons. According to the results of the research, attitudinal vulnerabilities (biases and therefore attempting to falsely represent the Qur'an) and methodological vulnerabilities (lack of mastery of Arabic literature, lack of attention to the Qur'an as a source of Arabic rules, mere attention to the surface of the Qur'an and non-observance of research criteria) have made the authors of the book "Critique of the Qur'an" to slip in order to use their misconceptions as a basis for denying that the Qur'an is divine and claiming that it was fabricated by the Prophet (PBUH).

One of the most important and crucial issues of human societies, which provides security and comfort of society and has always the mission of crime prevention, is the issue of punishment. In recent decades, Islamic punishments have been ridiculed and criticized by many so-called human rights defenders inside and outside Islamic borders, which deserve to be investigated and responded to. Since the rulings of religion and divine laws have always been criticized for various purposes, especially in recent years, one of the criticisms that is very much raised is gender discrimination in Islamic punishments, especially in the matter of retribution (qisas) and blood money (diyah). The present article intends to examine this doubt and its various dimensions. In this regard, an attempt was made to examine different forms. Examining dimensions such as: the scientific status of men and women, the divine and spiritual status of men and women in human perfection, as well as the impact of economics on the family and society, the existence of differences in this regard and in which way these differences are? and how many categories they are divided into?, all are the cases relied on in this research. Examining the various dimensions mentioned and finding economic and financial returns is one of the analytical and descriptive findings of this research.

Dr. Soha in his book “Critique of the Qur'an” has made many doubts and accusations against the Messenger of God. He considered the captivity and enslavement of women in the beginning of Islam for satisfying his lust and claimed that the Prophet acted like some kings who kidnapped women and girls and distributed them into his army and reduced them to commodities, so they have been repeatedly raped. Answering such doubts is one of the research necessities of every age and period. In this article, by providing a clear explanation of the concept and meaning of slavery, the causes and purposes of slavery, and explanation of the process of slavery and the mechanism of freeing slaves have been clarified, as well as the conditions of exploiting the bondwomen have been stated. The following answers have been given to the accusations: Slavery means depriving the enemies of religion and the fighters against Islamic society of their freedom of action; Drawing them into Islamic society and forcing them to live in slavery in order to be religiously educated and gradually liberated; The cause of slavery is to prevail in war and its purpose is to protect the unity of the Islamic society; The exploitation of bondwomen is through ownership, marriage and liberation, and is subject to istibra’.

The subject of this article is one of the allegorical verses in Quran (mutashabihat) that cannot be solved except by relying on the decisive verses (Muḥkamat). The decisive verses which lie in three categories: general, special and context, are the keys with which one can find the key of understanding the allegorical verses to some extent. Based on the general decisiveness of his prophecy and his special characteristics, Prophet Yusuf (a.s) had lofty purposes, as educating and guiding the people. In this regard, the plan was to keep his own brother close and attribute the theft to other [step] brothers with the aim of making them aware of their sin, so that they would come to their senses and repent. This goal was not made possible unless by calling them thieves in public and embarrassing them in front of the caravan. At the same time, by doing so, he made possible his other wish, i.e., immigration of his family to Egypt. In this way, the doubt of lie and slander by the Prophet of God will be solved, as the interpretive narrations also confirm this view. However, other interpretive possibilities have been mentioned for these verses, such as: "the guilt of slander is justified for the sake of a sublime purpose", "the announcement was a non-informative sentence" or "the announcement was done by a person in charge"; But given the decisive verses and other reasons, we consider them unlikely.