نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 9 (پیاپی 136، آذر 1402)

Today, tourism is considered to be one of the largest economic sectors in many countries. The development of the tourism industry, particularly for developing countries which face problems such as high unemployment, limited foreign exchange resources and single-product economy, is of a great importance. According to this the goals of this research is on one hand to identify priorities of tourism attractions, tourist satisfaction, infrastructures, facilities and services of the County, measuring the effects of natural attractions in the development of the County, and on the other hand is to identify tourism development strategies based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats applied in SWOT model.

Material and Methodology:

 The methodology of this study based on the goal is to be functional and the method is descriptive-analytical. With that in mind, in Order to achieve the objectives of the research with the aim of library and field studies, then using a questionnaire and a survey the tourists and experts, necessary information is collected and then in SPSS and Excel Software, Statistical analysis was performed on data.

The total score of strengths and weaknesses was 2.3 and the total score of opportunities and threats was 2.46, so the findings, based on studies in the County of Mahabad show that based on the matrix of internal and external influential factors, the weaknesses overcome the strengths and threats overcome the opportunities.

For the development of tourism in the County of Mahabad, we believe there is a strong need for comprehensive planning of maximum use of the strengths, enhance opportunities and dealing with threats. Therefore, in this study we have taken a step forward in this direction so that ultimately the matrix of the solutions and strategies of development of Mahabad’s tourism are prepared.

In recent years, with the increase of environmental concerns, application of scientific and practical tools in this field has been welcomed. Universities are the most appropriate place to develop environmental activities and strive to prioritize environmental practices more responsibly. The present study examines and selects green management development strategies in the University of Guilan as one of the leading universities in green management in higher education. According to the University of Guilan situation, 14 and 17 items were examined respectively as internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) in the green management of the university through hierarchical analysis. One of the most important weaknesses is lack of infrastructure and fundamental facilities, which have led to high consumption of energy, materials and paper due to the deterioration of buildings and equipment, lack of energy control facilities, and etc. Evaluation of internal and external factors, integration and drawing of space matrix, showed that the green management of University of Guilan is in a situation where aggressive strategies take precedence over other strategies. Offensive strategies were quantitatively evaluated and ranked based on the strategic planning matrix. The results showed that the strategies of supporting green research projects, public culture and incentive policies are the most effective and best strategies for the development of green management at the University of Guilan, respectively.

Updated and correct information is necessary for using and optimized managing of a land. Land cover map is one of the most important information resources in natural resource management. The goal of this research is to provide Katalan land cover map for investigating land use changes during 12 years in this area.

For this purpose, satellite images such as Landsat ETM 2001 and OLI 2013 were used after performing necessary corrections whereas; GPS and topographic maps were implemented for surveying fields and gathering trained samples. Land cover maps were provided using supervised classification method with maximum likelihood algorithm.

The results of this study revealed that the study area comprises six classes viz. irrigated farm land, rainfed farm land, bare land, rock stone, range land and mine class. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient for 2013 map were estimated 86.11% and 0.82, respectively and theses values for 2001 land use map were 78.26%, and 0.71, respectively.

The results of this research revealed that the class of farm land, bare land and range land were increased 1.84%, 1.29%, and 1.21%from 2001 to 2013, and the class of rock stone and rainfed farmland were decreased 5.09%, and 0 .62%, respectively. Also, there was not mine class in 2001 but this class was 1.36% equivalent to 49.3939 hectare of the whole area in 2013.

Recognition of spatial pattern of plant species is essential to check the canopy position, regeneration, forest dynamics and identify biological relationships in an ecosystem. One of the main goals in analyzing the spatial pattern of trees in forest ecosystems is to discover more meaningful relationships between trees and their environment. For this purpose, special analytical methods are used to quantify the spatial pattern of plant communities. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial pattern of Populus euphratica Oliv. using various K, L, G and J functions and the ability of these functions in determining details spatial pattern of the species in riparian forests of Maroon, Behbahan.

Two stands of Populus euphratica including Pure and mixed were studied and callipered. Position (distance and azimuth) of all individuals with DBH larger than 5 cm was set. Spatial pattern of Populus euphratica in both pure and mixed stands was determined using Ripley's K function, L, G and J functions. For explanatory analysis in analysis of point statistics, the assumption test of complete randomness of points was considered. The usual hypothesis test in point analysis statistics was applied based on simulation tests such as the Monte Carlo significance test. This test was repeated 999 times so that the probability of the first type of error is at least close to 5%. Also, in order to check the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the studied areas, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used, and R software (Var3.2.2) was used to analyze the distribution pattern.

Findings: 

The results related to the analysis of the spatial distribution pattern of the Populus using Ripley's K function in the pure stand indicate that the distribution pattern of the Populus up to a distance of approximately 150m is clumped and from this distance onwards, the pattern has changed to randomness and then to uniformity. A significant clumped pattern can be seen in the mixed stand up to a distance of about 125m. The results of the analysis of the heterogeneous L function in the pure stand show the spatial pattern of the field up to a distance of about 150m, a significant clump. In the mixed stand up to a distance of 125m, the pattern is aggregated and from this distance onwards, the pattern changes towards randomness and then significantly towards uniformity. The inhomogeneous function G in the pure stand of Populus up to a distance of about 100m shows a clumped pattern with a low slope. In the mixed stand of Populus from the initial intervals onwards, the curve with a low slope indicates a medium aggregated pattern. The value of the J index in the pure stand is equal to 1 up to a distance of about 30m, and the uniform state curve shows the existence of a random pattern up to this distance. The value of the index is less than 1 from the distance of 30 to about 75m with an almost steep slope, which indicates a relatively strong clumped pattern. In the mixed stand, the value of the index is less than 1 up to a distance of about 60m, with a steeper slope, and shows a strong clumped pattern.

All functions for two stands have confirmed similar results which are clumped up to a distance of about 100 meters. The J function provided more detail of the spatial pattern. Generally, the functions endorsed a type of ecological dependency between the Populus euphratica individuals.

This research was conducted with the aim of providing a framework for sustainable market and rural electronic business (REB) in Semnan province.

The research method of the present study is a survey-interpretation in which data were collected using a questionnaire and its analysis was performed using SPSS and excel and MICMAC software. The statistical population of the study included 10 producers of agricultural and livestock products as well as experts in the field of rural businesses. For this purpose, first, by reviewing previous studies, a set of factors affecting rural e-businesses were collected and then the factors were categorized by PESTEL method.

The results showed that the legal factor is the most important underlying factor in achieving the design of rural e-business framework. Economic, political and technological factors are in the next rank and are related factors. Environmental and social factors are dependent factors.

According to the more effective role of the legal factors in developing rural E-commerce marketplace and the emphasis of the researchers on the role of governments in law enactment and law implementation in developing E-commerce, it can be expected that the governments help to the stability of the rural E-commerce through enacting laws proportionate to the country's business environment.

The legal confrontation with environmental pollution and the many and various losses resulting from it, which endangers human life in the present generation and future generations, requires appropriate and efficient legal enforcement guarantees. Civil Liability, as a branch of legal science, has provided valuable executive guarantees in this field, which has a preventive and compensatory role. The purpose of choosing the topic of this article is to introduce and review and complete the executive guarantees of civil liability caused by environmental pollution in Iran and US law. According to the studies conducted in this research, the executive guarantees of civil liability in US law are more complete than the legal executive guarantees of Iran, because punitive damages, joint and several liability and referendum have been accepted in US law. But even the executive guarantees of US law also have shortcomings that the authors have pointed out, and by theorizing and examining the issues of this area, the authors have created new executive guarantees, such as the cancellation of contracts that pollute the environment and the return of property. It has also presented the results obtained from the polluting activities in order to provide better means of compensation and prevention of the losses caused by environmental pollution.

The recycling process of industrial wastewater leaves pollution that is evident in the process of factories producing recycled sand. This research has investigated the environmental effects of construction debris recycling in sand recycling factories.

The two phases of operation and implementation of the factory construction plan were considered as the main phases of the current research. Therefore, 13 micro-activities and 23 environmental parameters were identified and the results were analyzed in EIA+ software using the Iranian Leopold matrix method and discussed based on the results.

Three micro-activities include washing fine sand through a washing machine with a score of -3.6, converting concrete pieces and large boulders into smaller pieces and transferring them to a jaw crusher with a score of -2.8 and transferring the remaining The sewage produced by the washing machine has had the most negative effects on the depot pond with a score of -2.7. The three micro-activities of creating green spaces with a score of +2.2, selling products with a score of +0.9, and hiring employees with a score of +0.5 have the most positive effects on the environment.

Considering the positive effect on the economy, increasing the green space in the region, job creation, and also reducing the increasing amount of scum accumulated in Abali pit, the construction and operation of the factory is evaluated as a positive activity, but considering the destructive effects of the environment. its biological, it is necessary to consider alternative solutions to adjust its environmental effects.

Ways to produced urban wastes is concern in most urban areas of Iran. Increasing population density, industrialization and the amount of waste produced are of great importance. The introduction of heavy metals through urban wastewater into natural ecosystems, especially soils, is one of the most important environmental concerns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration of some heavy metals (lead, chromium, zinc, nickel) in the soil of landfill site of Sarayan.

For this purpose, 20 soil samples were collected from urban landfills and analyzed in a laboratory using Contraa 700 atomic absorption spectrophotometer and then analyzed by statistical techniques and Excel and IBM SPSS statistical software version 25.

To determine the contamination of the studied area, contamination factors (CF) and land accumulation (Igeo) were used and the results showed that the highest amount of contamination was related to surface-level chromium and the lowest was related to surface water and the amount of earthquake index Igeo) was found for chromium metal between 1 and 3.

According to the study, the chromium metal in the slightly infected and highly infected classes and other samples collected in non-infected classes of metals were slightly contaminated.

According to Kaya's identity, there is a relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and output. The aim of this study is to investigate the non-linear or asymmetric effect of output on CO2 emissions.

The PNARDL model is used to investigate the response of carbon dioxide emissions to output shocks in major Asian polluters; India, Japan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and South Korea in the time interval of 1960-2020.

Examining the time path shows that CO2 emissions and GDP of countries are co-movement. The tests show the long-run relationship between these two variables. The non-linear causality test indicates the existence of a one-way causal relationship from positive and negative output shocks to CO2 emissions. In the long-run, CO2 emissions increase as output increases and decrease as output decreases. Short-run dynamics show that positive output shocks of the current and past period significantly lead to an increase in CO2 emissions. Negative output shocks of the current and past periods significantly increase and decrease CO2 emissions, respectively. The estimation of the adjustment speed coefficient indicates that the adjustment towards the long-run equilibrium is slow.

Investigating the relationship between output and CO2 emissions plays an important role in environmental policies. The speed of adjustment (from short-run to long-run) is slow and the short-run impact of negative output shocks of the current period on emissions should be taken into consideration by the environmental policy makers of the studied countries. In the conditions of output reduction, strict environmental policies should not be stopped immediately. Considering the positive and significant effect of positive production shocks on emissions in the short-run and in the long-run, it is recommended to increase energy efficiency and increase the share of renewable energy in the total energy consumption of countries (substitution of renewable energy instead of fossil energy).

Rain is one of the most important parameters in the hydrological cycle. A large percentage of rainfall in different areas under the influence of factors such as geological structure and structure, vegetation, land slope and the shape of the basin becomes surface runoff. Floods are also the result of runoff caused by heavy rains with sudden melting of snow. In catchments, it is not possible to measure all the quantities required for runoff analysis, so it is necessary to choose a model that can easily predict the runoff from rainfall while using simple structure and minimal factors. arrives

In this study, using simulation of rainfall to flood conversions in a long statistical period of about 20 years between January 23, 2000 to September 23, 2021 in the Astana-Kuchesfahan catchment with HEC-HMS software, one of the objectives The effect of selecting the type of flow conversion hydrographs on the amount of computational error in flooding was investigated.

In this study, unlike the SCS method, in which the error digit as a Nash function is 0.540 and the RMSE is 0.7 as well as the deviation percentage with a digit of 28.01, for the Clark method the Nash function is The value is 0.533 and RMSE is 0.7 and also the percentage of deviation is 29.71. Also in Schneider method, Nash function is 0.477 and RMSE is 0.7 and also the percentage of deviation is 34.25.

This calculation also confirms in terms of error measurement that one of the best criteria for observing the difference can not be RMSE. By performing the validation step, the amount of initial error on the set was significantly reduced. This value reached 0.595 during the long 20-year period for the Nash function. Also, for all the elements in the model, the flow volume and discharge at the moment of the peak event improved significantly. The correctness of the model in the calibration step to reduce the error confirms that selecting one type of hydrograph for the range does not necessarily lead to a significant reduction in the simulation error. However, the converted hydrograph type is significantly effective in reducing the calibration error.