مجله صفه
پیاپی 104 (بهار 1403)

The architecture student encounters extensive emotional challenges in design studios, which is due to complex interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships and the emotional aspects of training. The way to respond to these requirements involving people's emotional intelligence – their ability to understandprocess and use emotional information in the process of cognition and thinking –is influential in their learning. By explaining the importance of emotional intelligence, this study focuses on the design studio in order to improve learning. After identifying emotional requirements of students, it considers responding to these requirements depending on the application of emotional intelligence in two interconnected dimensions, and synergising 'regulation of emotional experiences' of students and 'developing their emotional skills' by design tutors. Since nurturing emotional skills aimed at improving learning requires a coherence of emotional education with design training, the utilisation of the potential capacities of design training and the internalisation of emotional teachings has been recognised.Also suggested is the development of these skills in a synergistic cycle by promoting learning in the design studio and through the application of indirect emotional training (based on reflection and practice) in the context of design training, and using methods such as narrative, communication, cooperation and emotional design. The results are presentable to design tutors in the form of recommendations to meet the emotional needs of students and strengthen their emotional skills.They show that the fulfilment of students' emotional requirements in the design studio depends on both the tutor's and the student's emotional intelligence, and that it takes the tutor's emotional intelligence and their attitude towards the importance of emotional issues in the design studio,to provide students with the opportunity to utilise their emotional skills.

With the country'saccelerating urbanisation, we are witnessing expansions and increasing new constructions in Iranian cities. One of the challenges raised in today's cities is the inability of their managers to control height and spatial balance, with the construction of high-rise,out-of-sale buildings causing heterogeneity in the physical structure of cities and their non-compliance with urban planning regulations. In response, this research investigates the effects of unruly high-rise developments on the skyline. Library methods, field survey anddocumentation of values and visual identities have been used here. ArcMap has been used for 3D analyses, and CityEngine and ArcScene for height simulations and analyses (skyline, graph skyline, etc.). The evaluation of the results obtained from 3D modelling shows that overdevelopment occurs at the rate of 2.4%, 3.4% and 8.8% in old, intermediate and new areas, and the average of SVF index in those areas is 70.63, 46.45 and 64.14% respectively. The analysis of the general results confirmed that the skyline of contemporary cities does not follow a specific pattern. Also, this research explains the reason for the relatively irregular skyline caused by the overdevelopment rights sales, and the method of densification and height zoning of that area. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate height laws and adhere to their implementation in order to achieve spatial consistency and also to make the skyline legible.

A range of criticisms have been put forward about urban master plans – the most important strategic documents for the planning and management of cities (or towns) – and their quality. The most important of these is about their prolonged processes of preparation, review, and approval as the main hinderance for efficiency and productivity. This pushes plans and programmes away from the realities at the time of approval, and makes them practically ineffective. In response, some urban planning experts are after fundamental changes in the process of preparation, review, and approval of master plans. This research focuses on finding reasons for prolonged processes, because without that all efforts to implement new approaches are doomed to fail, the experience of preparing urban structural-strategic plans in Iran being apoint in the case.To answer the main question of this research, urban planning managers of road and urban development in all provinces of Iran are selected to answer questionnairesdue to their seminal roles in the selection of consulting engineers, preparation, review, approval, communication, and even implementation of the urban master plans. Results show a variety of reasons for prolongation of the process, the most important of which being weaknesses, discordances, non-realisation of potentials, the lack of adequate training of experts, and the absence of experienced consulting engineers involving in preparation of master plans. The weakness of the experts and management bodies of institutions and groups causes problems such as the adoption of piecemeal approaches in master plans, or failures in fulfilling basic requirements for preparation of the plans such as acquiring updated aerial photographs, and as a result, it takes a long time bringingconsultation contracts to a conclusion.

A place-based and destructive phenomenon, earthquakes lead to stressful experiences of variouskinds, and a wide range of traumatic consequences for survivors, accompanied by profound changes in the cognitive network and emotional bonds to the concept of house as a safe haven. The long-term impacts of such experiences and perceptions appear in the survivor-home relationships and survivors' recovery. Using the Grounded Theory and based on the long-term lived experiences of the 2003 Bam earthquake survivors in reconstructed houses, the present study investigates survivor-home relationships. The aim is to extract the categories that mitigatetraumatic consequences of an earthquake and promote healing. Based on the findings of 23 in-depth and semi-structured interviews by purposive sampling method and the findings in focus groups of three to five participants, 370 open codes (concepts), 91 main concepts and seven sub-categories in axial coding, and 10 main categories in selective coding were identified. According to the findings, the experience of earthquakesathome causes fears of being trapped in closed and small spaces, of being in spaces with high ceilings and of being in upper floors. The reassurance of the safety of reconstructed houseswere sought in features that support vulnerability mitigation measures and protective behaviour, such as ensuring the possibility of evacuation due to openness and legibility of living spaces, trust in structural safety and construction technology and avoiding vulnerable materials, techniques and features of pre-earthquake houses.Furthermore, the effective housing reconstruction accelerating and restoring the community's dignity were found effective in healing and recovery.On the other hand, the concepts of place attachment and satisfaction were found to be interventive in facilitating this process.According to the results, the nature of the earthquake and the following experiences at home, leads to the formation of collective cognitive-behavioural mentalities in the living environment, and this in turn helps achieving a betterunderstandingof collective healing.

In research on vernacular architecture’s values, identifying architectural and construction patterns is increasingly attracting attention. It leads to documentation of the architectural heritage, which in turn helps in revitalisation and restoration planning. It renders one village as an ancient museum, and another as enjoying a dynamic life. Vernacular architecture is influenced by natural environment, as well as local culture and daily life. This research aims to study the patterns of spaces and events in a village to unveil its recurring features: a qualitative research which studies the architectural patterns in the historical village of Vaneshan, near Golpaygan, a town in Isfahan province. The data obtained through observations, library, interviews, and detailed surveys, is studied in a logical-analytic manner. To do so, the natural features affecting the formation of the village's domestic architecture is discussed, followed by the study of architectural elements of houses and the events related to each element.The results show that the desirability of nature has resulted in semi-open spaces: spaces corresponding to most daily activities and provide environmental comfort in different seasons. The yard plays a connecting role for other elements, significantly contributing informingpause and movement patterns. Porches play three different roles. The 'Kebas', the 'Khune nunva-e' (twotypes of kitchens), and the stableconsist of two separate spaces for cold and hot seasons. Normally, the first floor includes service spaces and the second floor is used for living. This functional division, creates more privacy on the second floor, and at the same time, provides suitable answers to heating requirements in liveable rooms in cold conditions.

Al-Askari Shrine is one of the four Shiite shrines in Iraq. Throughout past centuries, Iranians played a key role in the development and conservation of this shrine. In recent decades, this shrine has undergone alterations, both physically and spiritually, with its historical and religious values, especially those of pilgrimage rituals having shrunk. The recognition of the genuine, authentic status of this shrine is a vital prerequisite in preparinga conservation plan. The present paper asks how the structure and parts of the shrine were before its substantial repairs in the early Qajar period. Among pieces of historical evidence, an illustrated pilgrimage scroll called the Niebuhr scroll is essential in recognising the shrine’s building status before the 18th century. In the present paper, the paintings of the shrine will be interpreted based on the visual language of this scroll. The interpretation also uses some written pieces of historical evidence. The paper proposes that before the 18th century the Al-Askari shrine had two separate parts: first, the mausoleum of the two Imams Ali al-Hadi and Hassan al-Askari (the Mashhad), and second a shrine above the holy Cellar, from where Imam Mahdi’s occultation is believed to have occurred (the Maqam). These two parts were adjacent but segregated. The Mashhad had a chamber with a dome on a high drum, and an arcade around, probably without any minaret and courtyard. The Maqam seemingly was a freestanding monument with a muqarnas dome, and without any courtyards. Unlike today, the access way of the Cellar was through a staircase inside the Maqam and its pilgrimage ritual was fitted with this access way.