فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 75 (زمستان 1403)

In examining natural hazards, such as hail, statistical analyzes can play a significant role. Due to the great importance of economic and side losses of hail in the northern part of Zagros with maximum frequency and damage, the necessity of studying its temporal and spatial location is felt very distinctly. Therefore, in order to estimate and estimate the probability of occurrence of this phenomenon, 10 hail data data of 10 synoptic stations of the region were used during the statistical period of 2014- 1992. In choosing the best method for calculating the distribution of precipitation probabilities, different types of probability distributions of discrete random variables were tested by means of both Kolmogorov and Anderson-Darling testsThe results showed that the good Poisson distribution test had a good fit for hail occurrence at a high level of 90.99%. Baneh station with the maximum frequency of hail precipitation has the lowest probability (0.023%) and Pearnshahr station has the most probable days without hail (0.39%). Therefore, the probability of occurrence of hail in Baneh has a higher percentage. In the next round, the negative binomial model satisfies the observations of this type of precipitation well. The calculation of probabilistic distributions by these two methods showed that the probability of occurrence of hail with the frequency of 1 to 6 times and more in the region and the highest probability is related to the frequency of 3 occurrences of 0.20%. At a frequency of 1 to 6 times, the probability of occurrence of this phenomenon is 5 times more than the probability that it will not occur, which indicates the region's high vulnerability to this type of climate risk.

.

The development of sustainable entrepreneurship plays a critical role in promoting human well-being and environmental preservation. To achieve this objective, it is essential to understand the factors affecting the emergence of entrepreneurial opportunities in different regions. Therefore, this study aims to explore these factors through a descriptive-analytical survey, with data collected from documentary research and field surveys. The number of experts was 52 who were purposefully sampled using the snowball method. The study employed four indicators and 28 items, which were measured using the Likert scale. A sample of 439 individuals, consisting of 387 villagers and 52 experts, participated in the study. The selection of the 387 villagers was determined using Cochran's formula from a statistical population of 215,104 people. Descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics, including one-sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance, were used to analyze the data. The results of the one-sample t-test revealed that all indicators examined in the study were statistically significant at a confidence level above 95%. These findings suggest that the villagers' perception of these indicators is positive, given that the observed mean value (3.1) is assumed to be positive. Furthermore, the evaluation statistics, such as the multiple determination coefficient and adjusted coefficient of determination, indicated that the transcendental model provides a better understanding of the factors influencing entrepreneurial opportunities and the key areas of entrepreneurship. The analysis of the transcendental model demonstrated that government subsidies, investment and facilities, product insurance, and education are the most influential factors in the formation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Additionally, the most important sectors for creating and developing entrepreneurship were found to be handicrafts, home-based jobs, oil and gas, medicinal plants, and date production. Overall, the results highlight the region's significant potential for natural, economic, and industrial entrepreneurship, emphasizing the necessity for the government to prioritize investment in entrepreneurship.

Inland traffic has become a growing phenomenon for today's civilized society, which in addition to the movement of passengers, the desirable feature of the stations should be used. Due to the high volume of users of the subway and the long-term stops of passengers, stations have become an effective venue for urban daily activities. Considering the growing trend of metro expansion in Tehran metropolis and the increasing need for it, special attention is paid to the quality of the environment of stations The metro should be considered as a metropolitan environment for the social interactions of citizens. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and evaluate physical, functional and psychological criteria in the design of metro stations and the effect of these components on the quality of stations from the viewpoint of metro users and also provide a solution to improve the quality of space stations. The research method is descriptive-analytic research based on the survey and interview technique, questionnaire, and observation were used. The data obtained from the field method are quantitative and qualitative data. Qualitative data is the result of observation in the place or photographs and quantitative data obtained from the questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software.

Rivers are environmental forms that react strongly to changes in their bed, tectonic is the most important factor affecting morphology of the river, causing significant changes in river systems. In this study, using the digital elevation model (DEM), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global mapper 13, we investigated the effect of tectonic activity on river systems in the eastern slopes of Mullah Daghi, southeast of Zanjan province, this The area is drained by Abhar river. Using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the Arc Gis 10.2 software environment, required maps including geological maps, topography and…, Geological map of 1: 250,000 leaves of Zanjan was used to prepare the fault map. In order to achieve the research objectives, tectonic activity indicators including: are Mountain front sinuosity, basin shape, drainage density, longitudinal gradient of the river, River maze, basin asymmetry, hypersometric integral, the topographic symmetry of the basin and the width of the valley floor to the height. The combination of these indicators is achieved by the tectonic activity index (IAT). The results obtained through the Iat index indicate the activation of tectonic and neotectonic in the watershed of Ardejin and Abhar and the moderate activities in the basin of the zareh bash basin. The impacts of these activities on river systems that are different from the tectonic indexes in the studied basins, such as river meanders(main stream), coniferous formation (Ardejin watershed basin),  tilt watersheds  abhar and Ardejin and  the shape of the basins (Basin elongation zareh bash)

The position of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is in the least compatible with national borders or with the political and strategic considerations of regional countries. The sources of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are located in Turkey, and Turkish authorities believe they own the resources. A project called "Gap" or "Anatolian" in the framework of the construction of more than 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric projects and development of the agricultural system in the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds has been on the Turkish governmentchr('39')s agenda by 2023, reflecting the security threat. The environmental and water security of the downstream countries (Iraq, Syria and Iran) have been demonstrated. The present study is based on the assumption of reflecting the Hydropolitic relations of the Tigris and Euphrates basin (based on Gap Project) with the viewpoint of continuing climate change and changing rainfall patterns and increasing water use in downstream countries using library resources. In the form of a threat to the security of the southwestern areas of Iran, it will intensify. The results showed that the consequences of the Hydropolitic approach of the Tigris and Euphrates countries, especially Turkey, besides threatening environmental security, affect other aspects of security in the economic, social and political spheres in the southwest of the country.

Assessing and predicting future climate change is of particular importance due to its adverse effects on water resources and the natural environment, as well as its environmental, economic and social effects. Meanwhile, rainfall is also an important climatic element that causes a lot of damage in excess conditions. West Azerbaijan Province is no exception. The aim of this study is to model and predict 30 years of rainfall in West Azerbaijan province. The statistical period studied is 32 years (2019-1987). Selected stations in the province include Urmia, Piranshahr, Takab, Khoy, Sardasht, Mahabad and Mako stations. Average slider time series models, Sarima (seasonal Arima), Health Winters were used for analysis and prediction and also linear regression and Mann-Kendall test were used to determine the data trend. The results show an increasing trend of precipitation in Urmia, Piranshahr, Khoy, Sardasht and Mako stations and a decreasing trend in Takab and Mahabad stations. According to the results of comparing the models used, the Health Winters model with the least error in the absolute mean of deviations, mean squared deviations and the percentage of absolute mean errors was introduced as the best precipitation forecasting model for West Azerbaijan province. province. 

Good governance, having the most important principles and criteria for public participation, accountability, accountability, centralism, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, justice and equality, consensus and legitimacy is one of the new management approaches and new approaches to development and poverty reduction, especially poverty. This study aimed was to conduct a comparative analysis of the goog governance model in rural areas with an emphasis on the villages of the central part of Poldakhtar and Mosian section of Dehloran. The statistical population of the study, according to Cochran's formula, is 284 heads of households living in the villages of the two central parts and Mosian. Inferential data analysis was performed using t-test, and the sample villages were ranked in terms of rural governance status using The Topsis method. The results obtained from The Topsis method show that the governance situation in Mosian section of Dehloran Township is better than the central part of Poldakhtar Township, and the one sample t-test showed that the average of all components of rural good governance is above average and their significance level is an amount less than 0.05. The results of Levin test also show that there is a significant difference between the two central parts and Mosian regarding governance and its components, apart from responsibility (±1/96). Furthermore, In Mosian section, the average components (participation, accountability, and transparency) were higher than the central part of Poldakhtar Township and in the components (legality, collective agreement, justice, efficiency, and effectiveness) were less than the central part of Poldakhtar Township.

Human interventions in natural areas as a change in land use have led to a domino effect of anomalies and then environmental hazards. These extensive and cumulative changes in land cover and land use have manifested themselves in the form of anomalies such as the formation of severe runoff, soil erosion, the spread of desertification, and salinization of the soil. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the temperature inductions of the land cover structure of Lorestan province and to analyze the effect of land use changes on the temperature structure of the province. In this regard, the data of land cover classes of MCD12Q2 composite product and ground temperature of MOD11A2 product of MODIS sensor were used. Also, in order to detect the temperature inductions of each land cover during the hot and cold seasons, cross-analysis matrix (CTM) technique was used. The results showed that in general in Lorestan province 5 cover classes including: forest lands, pastures, agricultural lands, constructed lands and barren lands could be detected. The results of cross-matrix analysis showed that in hot and cold seasons, forest cover (IGBP code 5) with a temperature of 48 ° C and urban and residential land cover (IGBP code 13) with a temperature of 16 ° C as the hottest land use, respectively. They count. In addition, it was observed that the thermal inductions of land cover in the warm season are minimized and there is no significant difference between the temperature structure of land cover classes; But in the cold season, the thermal impulses of land cover are more pronounced. The results of analysis of variance test showed that in the cold period of the year, unlike the warm period of the year, different land cover classes; Significantly (Sig = 0.026) has created different thermal impressions in the province. Scheffe's post hoc analysis indicated that this was the difference between rangeland cover classes and billet up cover.

Today, housing has found a concept beyond a shelter and plays an important role in how the physical quality of cities. In fact, one of the most important ways to know the status of housing in the housing planning process is to use housing indicators. These indicators, which indicate the quantitative and qualitative status of housing in any period of time, can be considered as a suitable guide to improve housing planning for the future. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of leveling the neighborhoods of Bojnourd city based on housing indicators. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied according to its purpose. The method of collecting information in the form of documents is library. In this study, 11 indicators related to housing quality were used to rank neighborhoods, and the Waspas model was used to rank neighborhoods. The statistical population of the study includes 42 neighborhoods of Bojnourd. Based on the results, it was found that half of the neighborhoods (22 neighborhoods) of Bojnourd  are in a favorable and completely desirable housing condition, in contrast to 28% of the city neighborhoods are in a relatively favorable condition that the number of population at this level is equal to It is 31% of the total population of the city. Finally, there is the unfavorable housing situation, which includes 8 neighborhoods of the city. The total population of these neighborhoods is equal to 17% of the city's population, which is located in an area of ​​973 hectares.

The rapid and ongoing trend of metropolises transitioning into global cities and world cities is influenced by the increasing political, economic, cultural, and scientific dimensions of the urban political geography. Cities, as dynamic entities, evolve from new cities to mother cities, metropolises, global cities, and ultimately world cities. In this competitive environment, metropolises strive to enhance their level of competitiveness vis-à-vis their counterparts. In this study, the researcher compares the performance of Tehran and Istanbul, two metropolises in the Islamic world, based on the criteria and functions of world cities. The researcher employs an index developed by political geography scholars who specialize in studying world cities. The objective is to determine the ranking of these cities among world cities. To accomplish this, relevant maps have been prepared using ArcMap software, and numerical indicators and criteria have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner. The analysis reveals that Istanbul outperforms Tehran in most indicators and occupies a strong position in the network society and flow space of global cities. This can be attributed to factors such as geopolitical location, an open economic environment, and other indicators. The results of this comparative study can guide city administrators in designing a more suitable future landscape for these cities, ultimately leading to achieving global city status.

Rivers are always vital arteries of the earth and naturally, they have a gradual and continuous development process which has undergone fundamental changes after the expansion of human settlements and urban development and they have lost some of their natural functions. Wardvard River is no exception to this. This river flows in the west of Tehran province and has been heavily affected by urban development which has undergone continuous changes in its flow path due to human interference and considering that this river flows in the access route of western cities of Tehran province, its natural and gradual evolution has been disrupted that this transformation, it has removed the river from its natural condition. In this research, the factors affecting the geomorphological quality of Wardvard River have been identified and using MQI index, it had evaluated the quality of river morphology. In this method, Wardvard River is divided into 9 study periods and the three main components of the quality of geomorphological performance, artificial structures and channel adjustment have been evaluated in the form of 28 indicators. Results show due to the urban development of Tehran and many artificial changes in the Wardvard river channel, intervals 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 have earned a score of 0.2 due to human interference and canalization of the river and it is very poorly placed on the floor.Intervals 2 and 5 have earned 0.3 points and it is placed in the weak class and intervals 8 and 9 have scored 0.6 due to the low human interference and the natural course of the river and it is placed in the middle class in terms of morphological quality.

Due to its location in low latitudes, Iran is among the countries that has not been spared from the security consequences of climate change. The present study seeks to answer two questions: 1) What are the security consequences of climate change on Iran and which components have the greatest impact on Iran? 2) Which of the pillars of good governance as a solution has the greatest impact on reducing the effects of climate change on Iran? 
In this study, the study population is elites and experts familiar with the subject of the study, 100 of whom were selected for snowball sampling and a researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were evaluated using SPSS and MINITAB software. The results of the studies according to the obtained P-value which is equal to 0.000 and is less than 0.05 alpha, indicate the difference between the natural and human consequences of climate change in Iran. The results of the Tukey test indicate that the natural consequences of climate change with an average of 4.0584 are in group A and the human consequences with an average of 3.4460 are in group B. Also, the results of Friedman test on the effect of good governance in controlling and reducing the security consequences of climate change in Iran show that accountability with an average of 5.79 in the first place, rule of law with an average of 5.62 in the second place. and accountability of officials with an average rating of 5.32 are in third place.

Urban public spaces have become increasingly vital in the functioning of cities, serving as primary sites for citizen interactions. These spaces play a significant role in understanding human behavior and in shaping behavioral settings. This article examines the factors that influence the establishment of behavioral patterns in Azadi Square, the main square in Kermanshah. Despite its communicative function, the social role of this square remains limited. The research conducted for this article employed a descriptive and survey-based methodology. Data collection techniques included observation, photography, face-to-face interactions, and physical presence within the study area. Additionally, interviews were conducted with randomly selected individuals based on pedestrian flow in the square. Each interview lasted an average of approximately 12 minutes. Analysis of behavioral pattern maps in the area revealed a mismatch between the form and function of Azadi Square. Dynamic and static activities within the square were of short duration, while the haphazard arrangement of details hindered its visual expression. The lack of human-scale dimensions in the space resulted in a decline in quality for activities such as meetings, exercise, play, sitting, stopping, and even walking. Overall, the quality of Azadi Square in Kermanshah has not adequately met the functional needs of its users. Consequently, this research emphasizes the importance of understanding the relationship between behavioral patterns and the environment, enabling designers to enhance the quality of such spaces.

This research study aims to investigate the effect of climatic variables, specifically precipitation, temperature, and humidity, on changes in vegetation indices of orange orchards in Hassan Abad, Darab County, using satellite data. Consequently, observational data, including orange tree phenology data and meteorological data from the agricultural weather station, were collected over a period of more than 10 years (2006 to 2016). MODIS images from 2006 to 2016 were referenced based on territorial data and 1:25000 maps from the Iran National Cartographic Center. These images were used to calculate remote sensing vegetation indices, namely the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). The results demonstrated that the variables of maximum humidity, minimum temperature, and precipitation have a significant positive effect on the NDVI variable. Additionally, the variables of maximum temperature and minimum humidity have a significant negative effect on both the NDVI and EVI. To determine the significance of each independent variable in predicting the dependent variables, the artificial neural network method was employed. The findings showed that the climatic elements of precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, minimum humidity, and maximum humidity had the greatest effect on EVI, with values of 0.39, 0.3, 0.13, 0.1, and 0.06 respectively. Moreover, the effect of these variables on the NDVI index is equal to their coefficients, which are 0.2, 0.28, 0.22, 0.11, and 0.17 respectively. Finally, the ARMAX regression method was used to improve the explanatory power of the model. The results indicated that this method enhanced the explanatory power of the model and reduced the forecasting error.

Natural disasters cause severe financial and human damage. Crisis management means purposefully shifting the flow of affairs in a controllable manner with the intention of returning things to pre-crisis conditions as soon as possible. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to present a model of social capital development in urban water crisis management.The study method is descriptive-survey. In order to collect information, interviews and questionnaires were used and for data analysis, SPSS software, AHP analysis method, regression and T were used. Statistical community including crisis and water crisis managers; Also, all residents of Karaj were in the period between 1396 and 1395, which was estimated as a statistical sample of 350 people using Cochran's table.The results of statistical analysis showed that from the perspective of statistical sample individuals, the amount of social capital was lower than the desired level. Also, the relationship between social capital indicators was significant. Also, the results of couple comparison of main criteria using AHP analysis prioritized the indicators of social trust with 0.433 coefficient, incentive policy criterion and change in attitude space with 0.355 coefficient, criterion The interactive and value infrastructure of the society with a coefficient of 0.277, the interaction with a coefficient of 0.203, and finally the criterion of non-alienation with the government with a coefficient of 0.199 showed the fifth priority.The study shows that countries' ability to deal with crises has a lot to do with crisis management policy, promoting social capital in society and developing a spirit of cooperation and motivating participation among the people is one of the important solutions.

Landuse planning goals as the main core of urban planning are classified and studied from different aspects. The inclusion of additional value of surplus funds in the city can highlight capital funding. Following this, changes in urban land demand as the spatial changes of activities and functions occur.The commercialization of residential areas and the tendency of residential landuse changes are the disadvantages of these changes,which constitute a major part of residential neighborhoods of Tehran metropolis ,especially the northern neighborhoods of the city. The main structure of Nasr neighborhood in the 2th district of Tehran is based on Gisha street. The most important issue is multiplicity of commercial land uses in the Gisha street. According to the observations there is a bank in every 45metres of the street , while the performance radius of bank activities is defined in the region scale. It is argued that land price growth, financial and speculative justifications of these changes can cause pressure on the environment.Therefore, according to the above mentioned factors,the main objective of this study is identifing the factors affecting landuse changes in the Gisha street.
The research method in this study is documentary , local survey as well as the use of factor analysis in order to determine factors affecting landuse changes.By using this method, accessibility,landeconomics and activity distribution and neighborhood structure were considered as three factors affecting land use changes in the Gisha street .
Finally, in order to plan to control the speculative consequences of these changes , the analysis of external and internal factors with regard to indicators in questionnaire, SWOT table and finally defensive strategy to offer strategies and policies was adopted these strategies were presented in two categories: sustainable management of income sources of urban management and control of changes in land use changes.

In the classical view, the political dimension study of space has always been considered as the political geography ontological basic. Gradually from the 1980s with the development of post-positivist perspectives on human geography; Politics affected all social spheres from government and political parties to gender and considered the smallest power relations associated with the political concept. The political issue has rejected the organization of space on the basis of formal logic and has introduced new forms of epistemological reconstruction in the study of the relationship between politics and space. In this article, has been attempted to explain the political epistemological consequences in the study of relationship between politics and space. Research findings indicate that political dimension of space study is needed epistemic relativism in context of the political. In this regard, intersubjective cognition has a special dependence on the historical evolution of space and therefore requires to power factor genealogy. This spatial genealogy is always linked to the conflict that exists in human societies and forms the possibility of space antagonistic cognition. In this regard, the social meaning of geographical space; considered as place of conflict and resistance of marginalized groups and hegemonic forces in society Which reach a kind of adaptive balance within a certain time.  This process is caused, the epistemological model adaptation of cultural geography and political geography with each other.

The rapid growth of Tehran's population and the increasing need for land to respond to the needs of a residence, activity, urban services, etc., caused cities caused the city to move forward in its surrounding lands and changed land uses significantly and quickly. This paper aimed to investigate these changes and their futures in district 22 of Tehran Municipality. It has a descriptive-analytical method and the data is obtained from documentary and library sources. The process of changes and the existing situation were analyzed qualitatively and descriptively. To identify the drivers of future changes, a structural-interpretive model has been implemented using Mic-Mac software. For this purpose, all the land uses and activities (64 land uses and activities) were extracted and listed. Then, by implementing the Delphi method with the participation of 8 experts, 25 possible land uses were determined. After completing the matrix, the nearest rounded figures to the average numbers which were inserted by the experts, are the basis of the analysis. Finding showed that before the formation of the district, in 1972, the urban fringe of the district, large-scale urban land uses such as sports, research-educational, recreational and military land use, as well as urban and residential complexes, established in agricultural and vacant lands.  Then, constructed settlements, parks, and green spaces as well as recreational, military, research-educational lands and roads, were established here. The analysis of drivers also showed that in the future, out of a total of 25 possible land uses, forestry, eco- tourism, constructiing villas and secon homes, parks, malls, military spaces, stadiums and sports places, and roads and transportation terminals cause to main changes on the structural-physical of the studied fringe.

Today, human settlements around the world are exposed to natural hazards for a variety of reasons. These risks, which bring with them a lot of human and financial losses, require preventive measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of urban space in order to deal with environmental hazards in Noor city. The method of this research is also descriptive. Data collection is using library and documentary studies and questionnaires. In order to analyze the questionnaires using ANP method and fuzzy logic method, evaluate each of the criteria and determine their importance coefficients. Based on the results, spatial assessment was performed using ArcGis software and hazard zones were identified. According to the results of risk potential zoning, the northern and southern areas of the city have the highest risk potential. To predict the development of residential areas, the combined Markov chain model and cellular automation were used. The results showed that the continuous expansion of built areas in recent decades has caused rapid changes in land use and the built areas of the city has increased from 2.43% of the total area in 2010 to 3.68% in 2019. The results also showed that regardless of the natural hazards, the built-up areas will increase and as a result of urbanization, the built-up areas will be more prone to high-risk lands. However, if sustainable development policies are fully implemented, cities and built-up areas will be able to maintain their development spaces from high-risk areas for the benefit of the city and its residents.

Among the natural hazards, without a doubt, the flood is known as a natural disaster. In this research, Shannon entropy model was used to prepare a flood sensitivity map. First, 34 flood watersheds were selected from Firoozabad basin, and then these 34 points were classified into two groups. With 22 points, 65 percent of the points for training and modeling, and 12 points, 35 percent of the locations that were not used in modeling were used for validation. First, a map of the status of the floods was developed and Then, 10 factors, slope, tilt, lithology, land use, NDVI, SPI, TWI, altitudes, rainfall and distances from the river were selected as flood factors in Firoozabad basin. Prioritizing the effective factors in the occurrence of flood by Shannon entropy index showed that the NDVI layers (2.03), rainfall (0.00), distance from the river (1.89), SPI (385.1), elevation classes (999 (0/19), gradient with weight (0,932), lithology (478/0), TWI (379/0), and land use (280/0), respectively (0/184) have the highest and the least impact Flood events. Based on the results of the ROC curve, the predicted surface area under the curve with 35% of the validation data is equal (91.42%) and for the success rate with 65% of the equal education data (92.53%).

The standard of health is one of the fundamental human rights throughout the world. Today, the healthy city approach is considered as one of the dominant approaches in urban and rural studies and even on a national scale. The present study was descriptive-analytical with the aim of analyzing the stability of neighborhoods in the city of Bandar Mahshahr from the perspective of healthy city indicators, in the form of three components of economic, social and environmental and 22 sub-indicators based on 2016 statistics in different neighborhoods of Bandar Assess and evaluate Mahshahr. Using T.Test test in SPSS software to measure the overall stability of the studied indicators, then the weights obtained from the critical method and Idas technique in the GIS environment compared to the ranking and leveling of neighborhoods in the integrated index in terms of  The indicators of a healthy city were taken and in the last step, through the path analysis model in pls software, the most effective factor related to sustainability in Mahshahr city neighborhoods were measured and extracted. The analysis of the findings shows that out of 35 neighborhoods studied  Only 1, 2, 6, 11 neighborhoods are in a stable and developed condition in terms of having healthy city indicators,.

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the distribution of sports use in Sari with a creative city approach along improve citizen’s enjoyment of sports spaces in Sari. Due to the present research and analyzed components, the research type is applied and the method of doing it, is descriptive-analytical according to the nature of work and concerning the same method, was accomplished the distribution of sport use in Sari city from the viewpoint of creative city approach. The method of collecting library and documentary information and conducting interviews and field observations and the research-made questionnaire were also used. This questionnaire was randomly distributed among 400 users of sports places and equipment in Sari neighborhoods in 31 items of 6 dimensions. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and smart PLS (3) statistical softwares. The findings showed, the relationship between the distribution of Sari sports use with dimensions (social, sports, cultural, physical, communicational and entrepreneurship) and also every dimension’ relationship with its criteria is positive and significant and the criterion of goodness of fit model is (GOF = 0.611(. As a result, the overall research model fit is well and the model structure fits well with data. Therefore, in order to achieve high utilization of Sari city spaces with creative city approach, it is recommended that city managers use citizen’s opinions and suggestions to provide plans in sports and using the art and attention to ancient sports cultures and the revival to create creativity in Sari city.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of religious tourism based on the art of taziyeh in Kashan based on structural equation modeling, based on a mixed exploratory approach. In the qualitative part, the phenomenological method was used and in the quantitative part, the descriptive method, correlation based on structural equations was used. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included professors and experts in tourism and condolence in Kashan, which was obtained after 15 saturated interviews. In order to evaluate the validity of qualitative data, structural, external, descriptive and interpretive validity were used and in order to evaluate the reliability, the three approaches of Rao and Perry (2003) were used. The results of qualitative research were extracted from 11 economic, strategic, development, research, organizational, technical, content, environmental and advertising dimensions. After examining the extraction of components, the quantitative part of the research was examined. Factor and content validity were used to evaluate the validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was used from Cronbach's alpha, which had the necessary reliability. Available was selected. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics, including structural equations, through SPSS 22, LISREL 18.9 and Warp PLS 5 software. Findings showed that the most impact was economic dimension (impact factor 0.86) followed by cultural dimension with (0.79) and strategic dimension with (0.78).

One of the aspects of sustainable urban development and balanced physical development is in line with ecological and socio-economic environmental conditions. In the last decades of the twentieth century, despite many efforts in the field of sustainable spatial development of cities, this issue still remains an important challenge for geographers, urban planners, architects and urban planners. In many cities in developing countries, rapid urbanization and increasing urban population have exacerbated environmental hazards. This is doubly important in small cities. Because physical development, in addition to land use change, has met the basic needs of urban society, including the provision of safe and sufficient water, green space per capita, urban waste management and environmental pollution. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of method. The statistical population consisted of university professors and experts in the field of research in Ardakan who were selected by purposive sampling. They were selected to conduct and implement the research. In order to achieve the research objectives, using a new analytical methodology of interpretive structural modeling (ISM), the relationships between the factors were determined and analyzed in an integrated manner. Finally, using MICMAC analysis, the factors were analyzed according to the impact and effectiveness on other components. The results of the interpretive structural model of the factors affecting the inner development of the city showed that the obtained model includes three levels and the results showed that the managerial and physical factors are the most basic factors affecting the inner development of the city that should be addressed in the first place. In other words, any action to pave the way for the internal development of the city, requires attention to these factors along with other factors

The main goal of this research is to analyze the time series trend of fire events in natural areas and reveal the relationship between these fire events and vegetation levels in Lorestan province. In this regard, the data of the fire product of the Madis sensor (MOD14A1) and the vegetation product (MOD13A3) of the Madis sensor were used during the statistical period of 2000-2020. The monthly and annual spatial distribution of fires in Lorestan province was investigated. Cross-information matrix analysis and spatial correlation matrix were used to reveal the relationship between fire occurrences and vegetation. The results showed that more than 70% of the total frequency of fire occurrences in natural resources fields (fires with code 2) in Lorestan province is related to June and then July. In terms of the long-term trend, the 21-year trend of the frequency of fire incidents in the province showed that the frequency of incidents in the natural resources areas of the province has generally increased with an annual slope of 3 incidents. The results of the correlation analysis between the monthly vegetation cover and the annual frequency of fire occurrences showed that the fire occurrences in the province showed a significant correlation with the vegetation cover changes in 4 months of the growing period, i.e. from May to August. Cross-matrix analysis between the spatial distribution of fire occurrence foci and NDVI index, both of which were products of MODIS measurement, indicated that, in general, the highest frequency of fire occurrences in Lorestan province in the period from May to August corresponds to Greenness range was 0.15 to 0.22. This range of vegetation generally corresponded to rainfed lands, weak pastures and low-density forest patches