مجله بلاغت کاربردی و نقد بلاغی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Simile is one of the most expanding and significant poetic images . Abundant types of simile ,in terms of its essential sides ,its form, the nature of its elements, and others, have been made. Consequently, it is considered as one of the most various and abundant types of images. The theme developed in this article is that it sometimes sounds necessary to look at imile from several perspectives at the some time when categorizing or discussing the kinds of simile, and also the fact that the focus on one special feature would not lead to the intention of that particular simile; and more significantly, when the subject is the classification of simile on the basis of form, the focus must be on similarity. For instance, antithetical simile concentrating on the form and appearance of the simile and avoiding the element similarity between the two sides and emphasizing on the reversion of tenor and vehicle, would result in deviation and loss of a correct definition of simile, for the purpose behind antithetical simile is the renewal of simile and further exaggeration. This exaggeration cannot be obtained unless the element of similarity in simile before revision and in the revision remains fixed and singular. In addition, in studying of the imaginative forms like simile, and specifically antithetic simile, the exploration of its history and background sounds quite essential. The reversion of the two elements in simile is perfectly illustrated when the simile before revision is also examined.

The use of imagery forms the attraction and mental involvement of the audience to understand the purpose of the poets. It is likened to the most important imagery from the beginning of Persian poetry in literary works. From the third century and the beginning of Persian poetry, the poets, with the help of likeness, induced their thoughts and mindsets to the audience, which is apparent at first in a primitive and stereotyped way. With the start of the fourth century, the likeness of its original path begins, and the poets of the century, in the simile application, travel through two distinct paths. The first group uses the similitude of the lower and lower frequency stereotypical path and the second category of innovation in the similitude with more frequencies. With the onset of the fifth century, the likeness of the instrument becomes an important tool for the creation of imagination in the eyes of poets, until the end of this century, it is likened to a stereotypical form, and those like Nasser Khosrow apply novels to their poems, and this procedure With the start of the sixth century, it is evolving with poets such as khaqani and military, and end the similitude of traditional thinking. In this study, by bringing examples of famous poets, we mapped the likeness of the form by analyzing and describing the abysses, and drawing the diagrams, we depict the simulations of each course comprehensively for the audience.

The image is the relationship between the outer world and the inner world of the poet and the artist. An image in poetry is an equation between two phenomena, for example between likeness and likeness, the purpose of which is to prove beauty or proportion. Allusion is one of the rhetorical techniques that is used for the effect of words and is based on analogy and proportion Jami is one of the leaders of Iraqi style poetry who has made significant use of allusion. He uses simile, metaphor, allusion, irony, etc. He has created beautiful images in poetry, especially in ghazal, using allusions. The most prominent allusions of Jami in Ghazal are: Qur'anic allusions and allusions and the story of prophets, historical-story allusions and mythological allusions and allusions. Using descriptive-analytical method, the authors examined Jami's semantic and visual attitude in sonic allusions.To express his thought, Jami has used important mystical concepts such as "unity of existence, manifestation, poverty, annihilation, etc." and also using literary industries such as:"simile, metaphor, ambiguity and irony, etc.".

Drinking Song is a kind of lyric that dates back to the Anacreontic verse. It seems that social developments have also affected the function of this type of literature and transformed it from a lyrical function to a social function, which can be shown by using a systematic tool. One of these tools is the knowledge of semiotics, which tries to identify the origin of the text through the sub-images that are spread in it and to achieve the internal coherence of the text, in spite of the existence of inaccuracies, through the exploratory reading to the post-exploratory reading. The present study has compared and analyzed the semiotic semiotics of Houshang Ebtehaj and Razi-al-din Artimani from two different periods. Exploratory and retrospective reading and focus on descriptive systems and hypograms of the two texts show that the mentioned texts, despite paying attention to the prominent themes of the literary type of the drinking song, have changed their content. Accordingly, Ebtehaj, using mythological codes, conveys deeper diversity and messages and gives another meaning to its main elements; The butler has found a new meaning in his drinking song and the social approach of this butler, according to the events of the society, has made the text more prominent. According to the analysis of the matrices of the two texts, while Artimani thinks of annihilation and God to get rid of tyranny and oppression, Ebtehaj seeks a savior who will awaken the dormant society.

The semantic position of the chapter on the use of rhetorical meanings in Nahj al-BalaghahAbstractRhetoric is done in accordance with the present and spatial requirements, and according to the difference of requirements, several methods will be used in it. In Nahj al-Balaghah, this element has led to the allocation of hundreds of works in the description of the characteristics and dimensions of rhetoric about this noble book, however, it has rarely been observed to analyze the dimensions of this rhetoric in terms of examples. The necessity of the author in this work with a descriptive-analytical method and by analyzing and refining the lexical dictionary of the index in Arabic language has sought to examine the semantic position of the chapter on the use of rhetorical meanings in Nahj al-Balaghah to cite several examples of this chapter. To present to the audience in a comparative way, and in the end it has been concluded that the chapter on use has a common meaning and a common meaning of conscience, which has caused other meanings of this chapter to be used less. Examining the chapter on usufruct in Nahj al-Balaghah indicates the fact that in the discourse of Imam (pbuh) the employment of each of Ibn Bab's meanings in accordance with the theological necessity and the meaning of the meaning is used so that the speaker's meaning is associated with the most complete word in the audience's mind. Be.

TThe poetry of Zahir Faryabi, a sixth-century poet, has emerged as one of the links between the Khorasanian and Iraqi styles in many ancient poetic judgments and has had a great influence on the poetry of later poets. Zahir has a wide range of themes from various sciences, including folk beliefs and some local beliefs in his poems, and from this perspective, he is one of the leading poets. Based on the results of this study, the thematicization of folk beliefs in Zahir's poem occurs in the form of rhetorical networks and according to various aspects of a folk belief and customs, and in descriptive-analytical methods in categories such as: astronomical folk beliefs, animal beliefs in And birds, folk medicine, and beliefs about occult phenomena and folk customs can be analyzed. Some themes of rare and very ancient folk beliefs in Persian poetry can also be seen in his poems. One of his artistic and rhetorical tools for using folk beliefs and customs is metaphor, simile, exaggeration, good interpretation and ignorance of the mystic. Thematic with astronomical folk beliefs is most reflected and has used folk beliefs with topics such as the praise of the king and the beloved or expressing his condition

The artistic interpretation or " fantastic etiology " in "child poetry" has a special and distinct function in adult poetry. The purpose of this research is to explore and distinguish between the patterns that ten poets of the child's style have used self-consciously and unconsciously in benefiting from good judgment. In this research, the position of good explanation in the content and structure and its role in the meaning, the imagination and aesthetic of the poetry of these ten poets have been explained and a kind of model classification for their artistic deductions has been presented this classification is based on several general patterns, such as "pattern", "emotional pattern", "linguistic pattern", "allegoric-metaphorical pattern" and "fantasy pattern", based on which criteria these children's poets In the cause of creation; there is a certain distinction and prominence, including the imaginary, emotional, intellectual, and linguistic prominence that is contained in the justifications. In the discussion of each type of explanation, the style and nature of causation and the quality of the impact of good judgment on the audiences of the child, as well as the function of that particular type of good explanation, description and analysis.

Irony is one of the difficult literary kinds because the meaning of irony is so extensive, dynamic and growth. By using this device, the writer changes the meaning of speech in a manner that is full of surprisal and coxing. The method of present article is descriptive, analytic and statistical. In this manner, first the writer tries to define the meaning of irony and it′s features, then the kinds of irony will be explained. Also, the book of Manteg-Alteyr has been introduced and summarized. The study and analysis of the kinds of irony about the book of Manteg-Alteyr will be detailed in this article. The frequency of each all-purpose kinds of irony has been shown in the table. In the end, the conclusion of this study has been written. The purpose of this research is study and analysis of the quality using the irony and the frequency of it′s different kinds. In addition of these three purposes, the most important one is Attar′s reasons for using the irony in Manteg-Alteyr. The results show that because of fictional and figurative structure of the book, Attar had used different kinds of irony. Also, Attar had elucidated many facts by using the ironic attitude toward it and his satirical speech. It should be said that each kind of irony is related to Attar and his ideas. For example, most of the verbal ironies constituent element of irony is based on Gnosticism.