نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 59 (پاییز 1402)

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of microelements on the quantitative and qualitative traits of spring corn hybrids, this factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications on a farm located in Weiss County in the 2016-17 crop year. Experimental treatments include foliar application of microelements in five levels of pure water foliar application (control), foliar application of iron, foliar application of Cu, foliar application of manganese and foliar application of iron, Cu and manganese as the first factor and two hybrids SC704 and single cross Mobin were performed as the second factor. The results show that the foliar interaction of micro and hybrid elements on grain number per row, grain yield, biological yield, protein yield, ear length and leaf area index were significant at the level of 1% probability and on 1000-grain weight, harvest index and protein percentage at the level of 5% probability. The highest grain yield (9700 kg/ha), biological yield (22030 kg/ha) and protein yield (979 kg/ha) were obtained from foliar application of Cu, Iron and Manganese in hybrid compared to the treatment without foliar application (Control (SC704) showed an increase of 35%, 26% and 46%, respectively. According to the results, it seems that foliar application of micro elements could increase the quantitative and qualitative performance of Mobin hybrid and KSC704 had lower fertilizer capability.

Deficit irrigation is a water management strategy that reduces water use to the drought sensitive growth stages. In order to study of different deficit irrigation regimes on photosynthetic, morpho-physiological and yield traits of two safflower cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2017-2018. Main plots consisted of four irrigation regimes including; Control (irrigation treatments: 80%, 80%, 80%, and 80% of field capacity), mild deficit irrigation (irrigation treatments: 60%, 80%, 80%, and 40% of field capacity),  moderate deficit irrigation (irrigation treatments: 60%, 60%, 60%, and 60% of field capacity) and severe deficit irrigation (irrigation treatments: 40%, 60%, 60%, and 60% of field capacity), and sub plots consisted of two safflower cultivars including; Padideh and Goldasht. Deficit irrigation treatments were applied at stem elongation, branching, flowering, and grain-filling stages. There was a significant difference between cultivars in terms of most traits and irrigation regimes differently caused a significant reduction in stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, number of head per plant, number of grain per head, number of grain per plant, 1000 grain weight, head diameter, height of first secondary branch, plant height, number of secondary branch per plant, biomass yield, harvest index, and grain and oil yield. The grain yield of the both cultivars significantly reduced under mild, moderate and severe water-deficit stresses by 26, 39 and 63%, respectively, relative to the control. The reductions were 31, 43 and 63%, respectively, compared to the control in oil yield. Goldasht showed higher oil yied due to it’s higher grain yield compared to Padideh. Totally, moderate deficit regime as a suitable strategy  of water management to reduce water use and Goldasht cultivar cultivation is defined in this area.

These days, the application of organic and biological fertilizers to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers as well as improve crop quality and maintain soil fertility in sustainable agricultural systems, has gained special significance. A split-split-plot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019, to investigate the effect of combined application of biological, organic, and chemical fertilizers on yield and quality of single-cross Simon corn grain. Nitrogen treatment was used in three levels of zero, 150 and 300 kg/ha or by using 46% urea fertilizer and vermicompost treatment was used in three levels of 0, 6 and 12 tons per hectare and mycorrhiza treatment was considered in two levels of application and non-application. Results showed that Muse V12ton/hecN150kg/hec it has been superior to other levels in terms of growth indicators. and the effect of mycorrhiza fertilizer on final yield and nitrate and Weight 100seeds was significant and The effect of application of vermicompost and  nitrogen fertilizer on all items was significant. Findings show that the highest amount of nitrate (142.77 mg/kg of grain) was obtained in non-application of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and 300 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare, and the highest yield of 16.96 tons per hectare was obtained in application of mycorrhiza, 12 tons of vermicompost, and 300 kg of pure nitrogen. Also, by consuming 6 tons of vermicompost per hectare with mycorrhiza and 50% nitrogen fertilizer, without significant reduction in yield (14.85 tons per hectare), the amount of nitrate accumulation in the grain is 44.65 mg/kg. It was shown that the application of organic and biological fertilizers along with chemical fertilizers also modulates the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers.

In order to study the effects of starter nitrogen and foliar application with methanol on nodulation, grain filling components and quantitative and qualitative yield of soybean (Glycine max L.), an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm at Parsabad of Mogan from Ardabil province in 2022. Factors experimental were included application of methanol at three levels (foliar application with water as control, application 15 and 30 volume percent) and three levels of starter nitrogen (no application as control, application of 25 and 50 kg/ha) by urea. The highest rate of nitrogen application (50 kg/ha) increased the number of nodules per plant (139%), number of pod per plant (37%), harvest index (9%), grain filling period (8%), oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid (14.7, 16.3 and 20.6% respectively) in comparison with no application of starter nitrogen. Hovewer, there were no significant difference in oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid between 25 and 50 kg/ha starter nitrogen. Foliar application of 30 volume percent of methanol increased the number of nodules per plant (15.2%), number of pod per plant (47%), harvest index (12%) and grain filling period (5%) in comparison no foliar application of methanol. Also, the highest rate of starter nitrogen and methanol application increased dry weight of nodules per plant (26.2%), plant height (54.2%), number of grain per pod (109%), maximum of grain weight (45.3%), grain filling rate (14.1%), effective grain filling period (28%) and grain yield (61%) in comparison no application of starter nitrogen and methanol. In this study, it seems that application of 50 kg/ha starter nitrogen and foliar application of 30 volume percent of methanol can be suggested for improve of nodulation, grain yield and unsaturated fatty acids.

In order to investigate the effect of silica and calcium content and harvest dates on yield and yield components of rapeseed as a factorial split in a randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental farms in Aftab region of Tehran province in two cropping years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 were implemented. Experimental factors include harvest date in three levels one week after the start of yellowing of pods, two weeks after the beginning of yellowing of pods and time of complete yellowing of pods, silica in three levels of zero (control), 3 and 6% of the source was sodium and calcium silicate at three levels of 2, 4 and 6% of the source of calcium sulfate. The results showed that the effect of year on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and anthocyanin was significant and the second year had the highest amount of these traits. It was observed that the best grain yield of 2477.02 kg / ha and harvest index of 24.83% was related to harvest one week after the start of yellowing of pods and with delay in harvest, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, Biological yield and harvest index decreased and anthocyanins increased. According to the results, silica foliar application with 32.81% increase in plant height, 11.8% number of pods per plant, 31.48% number of seeds per pod, 17.2% weight per thousand seeds, 24.31% grain yield, Biological yield and harvest index and reduction of anthocyanin and electrolyte leakage were associated. The most positive effect on physiological characteristics and yield and yield components was obtained in 6% silica spray. With increasing calcium concentration, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased and anthocyanin and electrolyte leakage decreased, the maximum positive effect on these traits in foliar application 6% calcium was observed. The results showed that silica and calcium had an additive effect on yield and yield components and the best grain yield was obtained by consuming 6% silica with 6% calcium and harvesting one week after the start of yellowing of pods.

The research was conducted during the agricultural years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 to investigate the impact of biological and chemical fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative traits of two red bean varieties under different irrigation systems in the Aligudarz City of Lorestan Province. The experiment was designed as a factorial split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included irrigation methods at two levels (Furrow and Drip) in main plots, the combination of varieties at two levels (Akhtar and Yaghout) and fertilizers at three levels (1- NPK, 2- combination of biological and chemical fertilizers and 3- pure nitrogen) in sub-plots. The results of the average comparison showed that the highest grain protein content was recorded in the Akhtar variety with the application of biological and chemical fertilizers and furrow irrigation in the first year. Additionally, The highest thousand grain weight was obtained in the Akhtar variety and the highest number of seeds in pods was obtained in Yaghout variety. The highest number of pods per plant, grain yield were obtained in the Yaghout variety with the application of biological and chemical fertilizers and drip irrigation in the first year. Based on the results of the two-year composite analysis of the data, the tripartite integration of the Yaghout variety, the combination of biological and chemical fertilizers and drip irrigation due to the highest percentage of seed protein (26.4%) and the seed yield (112.8%) compared to the Akhtar variety, NPK fertilizer and furrow irrigation were the best treatments in bean.