نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال چهارم شماره 16 (زمستان 1402)

Agricultural land is a crucial source of fresh water, with semi-deep and deep wells serving as the primary water supply for irrigated lands. Effective management and monitoring of these lands is essential for sustainable water consumption. However, identifying unlicensed agricultural wells among licensed ones through land visits can be challenging due to various factors such as the large number of lands, weather conditions, and difficult access to remote areas.

Remote sensing and geographic information systems can provide a quick and highly accurate solution for discovering and monitoring these lands. In this study, we utilized the NDVI index and time series data set of Sentinel 2 images (bands 4 and 8) for March, April, and May to classify a portion of Abbas Dehlran plain's lands in the water year 2022 using the SVM method. We validated our results using cadastre data.

Our classification accuracy based on cadastre maps was 98.4% for irrigated lands and 86.7% for rainfed lands, indicating high accuracy in identifying different types of agricultural land.

Our study demonstrates that time series algorithms applied to satellite images can effectively identify illegal irrigated lands along with their corresponding water supply wells by evaluating results based on existing land cadastres in the region. This approach can help improve management practices for sustainable water consumption in agricultural areas.

National security can be discussed as a very important phenomenon, and one of these areas is the environmental issue, which has caused the formation of new debates under the title of environmental security. The numerous characteristics of environmental damage that have irreparable effects have caused this category to become a significant influence in jeopardizing national and international security and to face a serious risk to sustainable development. Green Crime has endangered the national security with its characteristics. By recognizing one of the anti-green crimes under the title of crimes against security, Iran's legal system has paid attention to the fact that environmental crimes can endanger national security in some cases. However, in other dimensions, the anti-green crime has not had a coherent criminal policy in the areas of criminal law, which is proposed to be achieved in the form of differential criminalization. This research, using descriptive-analytical method, will firstly describe the green belt and environmental security, and then, from a legal and criminological point of view, it will investigate the impact of the green belt on national security and environmental security, and will discuss the challenges and solutions in this field.

The necessity of addressing the environment in the oil industry and related industries becomes clearer when we realize that it is impossible to move in the direction of continuous industrial improvement without paying attention to the environment. Environmental issues are a completely cross-sectoral issue and all members of the society, especially organizations and institutions, should take advantage of the power and efficiency of their organizations in preserving and maintaining the environment as a public duty from any activity that is related to pollution or prevent irreparable destruction of the environment. The aim of this research is to design an integrated management model for the country's energy sector with an emphasis on environmental policies.

This article is a qualitative research. The statistical sample of the research (elite) has been selected as a cluster from among the members of the statistical community. In this way, the statistical population was first divided into different clusters (cluster of faculty members, cluster of oil sector managers, experts in the field of oil industry in 1400), then, according to reaching data saturation, a total of 25 experts were interviewed. To analyze the data in the interviews section, three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding have been used. Data analysis has been done according to the grounded theorizing method after conducting the interview, during three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding. To do this, Maxqda software was used.

Based on the findings of this research, 18 components were extracted from the 101 primary concepts in the axial coding and finally, in the selective coding stage, 5 main categories were extracted under the headings of social dimension, technical dimension, economic dimension, environmental dimension and legal dimension. political and legal were selected as the dimensions of the integrated management model of the country's energy sector in the final model.

Environmental and international policies can reduce the pollution of the energy sector, including oil, and the legal measures carried out at the international level can control and monitor the environment. Institutional and political factors play a key role in promoting the transition to renewable energy, and improving these factors can lead to decarbonization of the energy sector in the long term. Global financial development has no significant long-term impact on the transition process, which means that the entire financial system needs a fundamental structural change to accelerate the substitution between polluting and clean energies. However, in the short term, the impact appears to be negative and significant, highlighting the inadequacy of financial institutions and financial markets in promoting a sustainable path in the region.

The inescapable dependence and connection of living organisms with the environment, along with the ease of contagion and the cross-border nature of the harmful effects of destructive environmental actions, increases the risk of serious vulnerability of humans if the environment becomes a target or tool by terrorist groups. Such a way that it is possible, as a result of environmental terrorism, the life and health of a wide range of human societies may suffer irreparable injuries and cause extensive damages. For this reason, in order to fight against environmental terrorism and control the risks its injuries, it is not enough to criminalize and determine the legal punishment for the perpetrators, but it is necessary to think of comprehensive and universal preventive measures. In order to avoid the terrible dangers of environmental terrorism as much as possible, must considering the international norms, measures to prevent environmental terrorism be foreseen. The present research has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the form of citations through the use of library and electronic resources including books, articles, dissertations, regulations and international documents in Persian and English languages. Deterrent norms in the prevention of environmental terrorism in international documents, in the form of measures such as the prohibition of supporting terrorism, norms related to humanitarian rights, curbing the development of weapons of mass destruction, norms related to environmental protection, necessary measures to protect agricultural products and other basic needs. And also assuming the occurrence of terrorist behaviors, supporting the victims and restoring the previous situation under the light of transitional justice, they are among the measures that will be effective in preventing or mitigating the risks caused by environmental terrorism. International documents and norms indicate that the experiences of historical events have made the international communities understand the terrible dangers of environmental terrorism and predict measures, albeit incomplete, to prevent the occurrence or neutralize the effects of such terrorism.

As a criminal phenomenon, environmental crimes require provisioning reactive strategies by administrators of criminal justice system. Restorative mechanisms as a considerable part of reactive strategies and their statuses in the criminal justice system are of subjects less studied analytically. Using descriptive-analytical methods and library data, the present research explained and evaluated restorative mechanisms against environmental crimes in the present Iranian criminal justice system. The results showed that although in the present Iranian criminal justice system and regarding environmental crimes restorative mechanisms don’t function as criminal and suppressive mechanisms, this doesn’t mean that criminal legislator has ignored them altogether; in fact, some strategies can be explained and evaluated including environmental mediation, provisioning restorative function for NGOs, damages awarded by courts as some complementary for criminal punishments, and also legal assistance for the victims of environmental crimes. Despite the fact that Iranian criminal legislator considered partially the restorative mechanisms against environmental crimes, some faults can be seen in implementing these mechanisms among which more important ones include limited intervention by NGOs in the preferring process and participating in hearings, approving by the head of the judiciary the names of NGOs authorized in performing these duties, making non-mandatory the environmental liability insurance for the future professions, lack of legal regulations on compensation funds for environment.

The green brand is an environmental label that shows that the product is somehow related to environmental protection and sustainable business practices and adheres to two basic principles in its development goals, environmental protection and sustainable business. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors influencing the formation of the green brand for sports tourism in Kish Island.

This research is a kind of descriptive-analytical research, of an applied type. The statistical population is 550 people and the statistical sample is 225 people using Morgan's table, which is available to the questions of two standard questionnaires of brand value and tourism destination (Mahmoudi, 2015 and Dastjardi, 2015) answered. Structural equations and LISREL8 software were used to investigate the relationships between research variables.

The results of factor loadings and path coefficients and significant coefficients showed that the destination brand awareness component has the ability to predict sports tourism in Kish tourism destination. The destination brand image component has the ability to predict sports tourism in Kish tourism destination. The perceived quality component of the destination brand has the ability to predict sports tourism in the tourist destination of Kish. The component of the perceived value of the destination brand has the ability to predict sports tourism in the tourist destination of Kish. All components of Sabz brand equity can predict sports tourism in Kish tourism destination. (Chi-Square=9126.43, df=923, P-value=0.00000, RMSEA=0.060).

From the point of view of sports tourists, Kish Island has a high potential for green branding, and this indicates that the management and planning of sports tourism development in this island should take steps to strengthen the variables discussed in this research.