Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Spring 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of combined training (aerobic-resistance) on sleep quality, prolactin hormone and growth hormone, of overweight and obese adolescent girls.

The current research was of a semi-experimental type. In this study, 30 overweight and obese adolescent girls were randomly divided into two experimental groups of 15 people (average age: 16.33 ± 0.97 years; body mass index: 26 30.48±3 kg/m2) and the control group (mean age: 16.53±1.18 years; body mass index: 30.48±3.26 kg/m2) were divided. Eight weeks experimental group they performed progressive aerobic-resistance exercises three sessions a week. Each session consists of 10 minutes of warming up, 5 minutes of cooling down, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise with an intensity of 60-80% of the maximum heart rate and 45 minutes of resistance exercise with an intensity of 50-70%. Repetition was the maximum. Before and after eight weeks of training, sleep quality, anxiety level and prolactin and growth hormones were measured. Statistical information was obtained by one-way ANCOVA and Yeoman-Whitney tests through spss software. 22 cases were analyzed. A significance level of p0.05).

A combined training course (aerobic-resistance) probably improves the quality of sleep of overweight and obese students and has no effect on prolactin and growth hormone levels
Keyword: sleep quality, prolactin hormone, growth hormone, combined training (aerobic-resistance).

The purpose of this study was to comparison of SSG and sprint on testosterone, cortisol, blood cell count, and physical fitness indices in teenage soccer players.

In this experimental study, thirty-six teenage athletes (13.55±0.53) were randomly divided into control, SSG, and sprint groups. The subjects in the sprint group underwent 45-minutes short bursts of sprinting. The SSG group exercise program 45-minutes consisted of 8×3 minutes with 3 minutes of active recovery between sets was performed on a small Football pitch without a goalkeeper. In contrast, the control group continued their usual routine activities for 4 weeks (3days/week). Basal levels of K-TEST, RSA, and YO-Y0 tests, as well as blood indices of testosterone and cortisol and blood cells, were measured before commencement and after 4 weeks of training.

The results indicate that sprint training led to a significant increase in testosterone, T/C ratio, RBC, and WBC compared to the control group and significantly decrease in cortisol and agility performance. SSG also caused a significant increase in testosterone, testosterone to cortisol ratio, RBC, WBC, SII, and aerobic performance, with a significant decrease in cortisol and agility performance. Additionally, in the control group, cortisol showed a significant increase, and the testosterone to cortisol ratio was significantly decreased (p<0.05).

The present study revealed that both sprint and SSG training individually can have desirable effects on testosterone, cortisol, T/C ratio, WBC, and RBC and agility test. Sprint and SSG were found to be effective for these factors. The SSG training program increases WBC, SII and aerobic performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous resistance aerobic training on selected indicators of body composition, maximal oxygen consumption and thyroid hormones in sedentary overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism.

In this semi-experimental study, 24 women with hypothyroidism were randomly divided into two control groups (number = 12 people; body mass index: 31.33±3.62 kg/m2) and experimental (number= 12 people; body mass index: 32.33 ± 4.05 kg/m2) were divided. The experimental group did 8 weeks of simultaneous aerobic-resistance training. Each session consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic training (80-55% of maximum heart rate) and 30 minutes of resistance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, body composition measurements (weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and fat percentage), maximum oxygen consumption (Rockport 1609-meter walking test) and blood hormone measurements (TSH and T4) to It was done. Statistical information was measured by SPSS software version 26 and the statistical level α<0.05 was considered.

Compared to the pre-test in the experimental group, there was a significant decrease in the variable of weight (p=0.01), body mass index (p=0.008), body fat percentage (p=0.002), TSH (p=0.005) and a significant increase in maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.002), T4 (p=0.01) was seen, but no significant difference was observed in the variable of waist circumference to hip circumference. In the inter-group comparison, there was no significant difference in all the variables in the pre-test, and in the post-test comparison, there was a significant decrease in the experimental group compared to the control group, but there was no change in the waist-to-hip ratio variable.

These findings show that resistance aerobic exercise has an effect on selected indicators of body composition, maximal oxygen consumption, and thyroid hormones in sedentary, overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism.

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between two methods of high-intensity aerobic and strength training on the levels of testosterone, cortisol, (IGF1) and immunoglobulin (IgG) in professional taekwondo athletes.

The present research method was semi-experimental and had a pre- and post-test approach. The statistical population of this research was the professional taekwondo athletes of Rasht city with an average age of 22 ± 1.5 years. To collect information on testosterone and cortisol levels by immunoassay method (GMB kit; (IGF1) by ELISA method and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) values by nephlometry method (blood sampling) in three stages and three consecutive weeks (24 One hour after specialized Taekwondo training (pre-test), 24 hours after high-intensity strength training and 24 hours after high-intensity aerobic training (post-tests) in the fasting state from the subjects' brachial vein by a laboratory science specialist. was received and then two aerobic exercise protocols (80% Vo2Max) and high intensity strength (80% 1RM) were implemented on the sample people during two different sessions and for 45 minutes.

The findings showed that there is a difference between the effect of two methods of high-intensity aerobic training and high-intensity strength training on the levels of testosterone, cortisol, insulin-like growth hormone ( IGF1) and immunoglobulin (IgG) of professional Taekwondo athletes, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05).

According to the findings, serum testosterone levels may increase slightly after high-intensity strength training and then high-intensity aerobic training. find Serum cortisol levels decrease after high-intensity aerobic training but increase after high-intensity strength training, and it is possible that insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1) serum levels decrease after high-intensity strength training. But after the high-intensity aerobic training test, there should not be many changes. Serum levels of immunoglobulin G have little changes and decrease after high-intensity aerobic and strength training.

Muscle pain after resistance activities, which occurs due to the destruction of sarcolema, increases the serum levels of LDH and CK enzymes as indicators of muscle damage. The results have shown that the use of food supplements such as glutamine can be useful in reducing the serum indicators of muscle damage. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of glutamine supplementation on serum indicators of muscle damage, including the serum levels of LDH and CK enzymes following a session of resistance activity. The present experimental study was carried out using an animal model in the form of a 3 group&rsquo;s research design with a control group. To this end, 30 six-week-old adult male Wistar rats were kept under controlled conditions for 2 weeks and were then divided into three equal groups, including control, and resistance activity with/ without glutamine supplementation. The glutamine supplementation group received the prepared emulsion by gavage of 200 mg/kg of body weight. After five days, both experimental groups participated in a session of resistance activity (namely, climbing a smooth ramp with one and a half meters height and a 85&deg; decline) with 4 sets, 5 repetitions, 30 seconds of rest between repetitions and 2 minutes of rest between sets. The initial load was considered equal to 50% of the rats&#039; body weight. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni&#039;s post hoc test were used at a significance level of p &ge; 0.05. The levels of CK and LDH enzymes were different in groups. A five-day glutamine supplementation before performing a session of resistance activity can cause a lower increase in the serum levels of CK and LDH enzymes as serum indicators of muscle damage, which indicates the protective effect of glutamine in maintaining the integrity and structure of cell membrane.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a period of combined training on the Body composition, Range of motion Upper limb, Shoulder pain rate, Glucose homeostasis in type II diabetic patients after breast cancer surgery. The sample of the study included 30 individuals who underwent breast surgery.the Experimental group had resistance exercises using band Pilates and aerobic exercises with 50-70% maximum heart rate(n=15), and the control group had the same exercise(n=15). the training sessions were planned as x 3 per week for a period of 8 weeks. the Body composition, Range of motion, pain, Glucose homeostasis of all individuals was evaluated before and after training. according to the measurements It was concluded that that there is a significant difference in the BMI between the two groups (P <0.05). The results also demonstrated that there is a significant difference in the Glucose homeostasis among the two research groups (P <0.05), however, this difference was not significant in Insulin resistance. After 8 weeks, the combined exercise showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P <0.05) and the flexion and extension limbs of the shoulder, the internal and external shoulder rotation, flexion and elbow exertion of the subjects. But the pain did not have a significant difference.

High intensity training change anthropometric and Biochemical parameters in athletes, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high intensity training course on BMI, cortisol and testosterone in taekwondo boys 15 to 20 years in Rasht. 

Material and Methods:

This quasi-experimental research, which was conducted with study population of 15 to 20-year-old boy&rsquo;s taekwondo in Rasht. The subjects of this study were randomly divided into two groups. The first group of training age was M&plusmn;SD 17.70&plusmn;2.26 year, and other group exercise age was M&plusmn;SD 16.90&plusmn;1.72 year. The first training group with traditional Taekwondo training, strength - endurance training with moderate intensity for 95 minutes and the second group this exercises with high intensity for 80 minutes were performed. before and after 8 weeks of training, BMI, anaerobic capacity, hormones cortisol and testosterone were assessed. The dependent t-test and independent t- test were used to analyze the data of study at p&gt; 0.05.

The results of this study showed that six-weeks of high intensity training reduced the significantly the hormones cortisol (P = 0.001). Testosterone and anaerobic capacity significantly increased after exercise in both groups(P = 0.001). Comparisons between groups showed significant difference in anaerobic Capacity (P = 0.001).

High-intensity training in Taekwondo athlete probably have a positive effect on physical fitness factors, cortisol and testosterone hormones and improve the performance of this athletes.

The present study aimed at the effect of two types of resistance and functional training programs on myostatin and follistatin of young active men.

In the study, 45 active young men with an age range of 18 to 28 years were selected as available and placed in three groups of intense functional exercises, traditional resistance exercises and control. Bleeding was done in two stages: pre-Test (24 hours before the start of the intervention period) and post-test (48 hours after the end of the intervention period). The training phase took place in eight weeks and three sessions each week. The data collected was analyzed by T-dependent method, covariance and benfronian tracking test.

The results of the present study showed that intense functional training and traditional resistance training had a significant effect on the reduction of myostatin in young active men. Participants in the intense performance training group were statistically lower in myostatin compared to participants in the traditional resistance training group. Intense functional training and traditional resistance training had a significant effect on the increase in follistatin in young active men. Participants in the intense performance training group were statistically higher than participants in the traditional follistatin resistance training group. Intense functional training and traditional resistance training had a significant impact on increasing the strength of the lower and upper limbs of active young men. Participants in the intense performance training group had statistically higher lower and upper limb strength compared to participants in the traditional resistance training group.

Overall, the results of the present study showed that 8 weeks of traditional HIFT and resistance training improved protein synthesis factors and improved the performance of young athletes.

Hypothyroidism is a common condition where the thyroid doesn&rsquo;t create and release enough thyroid hormone into your bloodstream. This makes your metabolism slow down. So, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic-resistance training on body composition, physical fitness, resting metabolism rate, cortisol and leptin of female with hypothyroidism.

This research was a clinical trial with a statistical sample of 20 volunteers with hypothyroidism who were referred to a 17th shahrivar hospital clinical in Rasht city, and were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (EG) and control (CG). Before and after 8 weeks of resistance aerobic exercise (3Session, 75Min). Serum cortisol, leptin and body composition indices and physical fitness components were measured. Analysis of the obtained data was done through SPSS version 26.

The results of the present study showed that 8 weeks of aerobic-resistance training caused a significant decrease in waist-to-hip ratio, increased anaerobic power, agility, balance, and muscle strength (P&lt;0.05), but no significant were seen on resting metabolism rate, serum cortisol and leptin of female with hypothyroidism (P&lt;0.05).

It seems that aerobic-resistance training may improve some of physical fitness and body composition of females with hypothyroidism, but it has no effect on resting metabolism rate, serum cortisol and leptin of these patient.

The prevalence of obesity and overweight is very high in the north of Iran, it is a signal of serious health problems and should be the focus of special attention. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of concurrent aerobic and Pilates exercises on body composition and glucose homeostasis in obese non-menopausal women.

28 eligible women were randomly divided into experimental (EG), and control groups (CG). The training protocol consisted of two sessions per week, and each session was 90 minutes of aerobic and Pilates exercises. body mass index (BMI), The Waist-to-hip Ratio (WHR), body fat percent (BF%), fasting blood sugar(FBS), body obesity index, muscle mass, insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance(HOMA-IR) were measured before and after 12 weeks exercise training.

The results showed a significant decrease in subcutaneous fat (%), WHR, and Insulin in the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test (p0.05).

Concurrent aerobic and Pilates training programs probably improve body composition indices, and decrease serum insulin in obese women with normal blood glucose.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high and moderate intensity interval training on Irisin and Adipolin levels in type 2 diabetic male rats.

Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: healthy and diabetic, diabetic rats were randomly divided into three subgroups of diabetic control and two HIIT and MIIT groups; so that the present study was performed on four groups (8 per each group). The training was performed with 65-70% and 85-90% of the maximum oxygen consumption in MIIT and HIIT groups, respectively. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the mice were removed by intraperitoneal injection of a combination of anaesthetic ketamine and xylazine. The levels of Irisin and adipolin were measured by ELISA method. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.

The results of the post hoc test indicated a significant increase in irisin and adipolin in the HIIT and MIIT groups compared to the control group (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between HIIT and MIIT groups (p = 0.274).

HIIT and MIIT could lead to a significant increase in irisin and adipolin in diabetic rats.
Keywords: Diabetes, Irisin, Adipolin and interval training.