نشریه گردشگری فرهنگ
پیاپی 16 (بهار 1403)

The landscape approach can be formed by narrative, identity definition, and functional examination. In other words, to transform the landscape into an attraction, an architectural element, or a ritual or tradition, it is plausible to explore its pertinent narratives, define and interpret its identity, or scrutinize its functions over time. The narrative plays a unique and impactful role in the landscape approach, serving as the reason for explaining the emergence or transformations of identity and performance over the lifespan or ritual. It can be expressed from different angles. Angles are not necessarily limited to a specific geometric shape and line; rather, they reflect the mentality of storytellers and their angle of view towards the problem, and such differences can contribute to an attraction. One of the significant components of the tourism output is the memories that tourists have from the trip. Such memories will stick in the mind and be revived for years. In addition to the contribution of narrative to the perception of the landscape, one of the ways to preserve memories is to convey the narrative and stories of the attractions by word of mouth through tourists who have visited them. Storytelling is more memorable than seeing the attraction visually and can be a reminder of the destination, attraction, ritual tradition, or physical element for a long time. Tour guides or people who are in charge of presenting attractions or rituals try to increase the charm of their commentary by adding different narratives and stories about the tourist attraction, thereby creating more memorable memories for tourists. Put differently, identifying genuine narratives and conveying them along with their trajectories in the form of stories can have an impact on the permanence of travel memories in addition to influencing the perception of the landscape. The most important difficulty that arises is distinguishing between genuine and documented narrations. One of the challenges of this issue is the emergence, formation, and perception of distorted, false, imaginary, or exaggerated narratives by different people. Sometimes stories lacking genuine sources might be taken as genuine ones due to frequent repetition, thereby influencing the integrity of the original narrative. To create a more enticing speech, instead of recounting a genuine story, the narrator might narrate what he has made up in his mind or has heard from undocumented sources. In doing this, the narrator can affect not only the integrity of the attraction but also the perceptions of visitors. Examining, recording, and publishing authentic narratives and stories about attractions, rituals, and traditions by researchers could be a way to prevent their distortion. It is also the documentation of authenticated narratives that have been verified. This will be a great contribution to landscape tourism and create authentic memories that tourists will keep in mind.

This study investigates the essence and manifestations of nature in the works of Romantic poets such as Lord Byron and Emerson, as well as painters like Thomas Cole. It then explores the components of literary tourism in Romanticism to answer the question: What positive aspects does Romanticism’s perspective on nature have for tourism. This study aims to examine the common characteristics of the Romanticism school’s approach to nature. The data and images were collected and analyzed through a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library studies and document analysis. The dimensions and meanings of nature in selected Romantic poems and paintings encompass untouched nature, wild and untamed nature, grand and awe-inspiring nature, the supernatural, the inner and human soul, nature as a human construct, emotional and exquisite landscapes, sublime and heavenly landscapes, accompanied by explorations of caves, forests, roaring waters, waterfalls, and mountainous landscapes. The positive results of Romanticism’s perspective on nature for tourism can be observed at both the general and individual levels. At the general level, governments and stakeholders plan and prepare national assets based on remarkable natural places, regions, and landscapes depicted in literary and artistic works. At the individual level, there exists a beautiful cognitive path where tourism is seen as an accepted social form based on notable regions and landscapes depicted in works, serving as a search for emotional, intellectual, and reflective experiences. Consequently, the attention, perception, and Romanticists’ approach to nature contribute to enriching and diversifying the perspective on nature in the tourism industry.

Crisis management in tourism complexes can play a crucial role in increasing tourist attraction and mitigating damages resulting from natural hazards. The Jahad-e Dāneshgahi of Tourism Complex in Kermanshah is a tourist destination, and this study aims to present a crisis management model for this complex. What crisis management model needs to be developed for the Jahad-e Dāneshgahi Tourism Complex in Kermanshah? This study aimed to propose a crisis management model for the Jahad-e Daneshgāhi Tourism Complex in Kermanshah. A questionnaire was used to collect research data. 50 individuals were recruited as the subjects of the study of whom 33 individuals were selected as the sample, considering the specified community characteristics. The results revealed that the economic recession indicator, with a value of 70.2%, was the most important of the economic indicators in the opinion of the respondents. Analyzing pairwise comparisons of social indicators showed that social participation recorded the highest significance among social indicators (0.158), ranking first in social indicators’ importance. Since environmental hazards are one of the most critical factors contributing to crises in any environment, vulnerability to earthquakes was reported by respondents to be of the highest importance among the examined physical-environmental indicators in the Kermanshah Tourism Complex.

The rural landscape as a phenomenon resulting from the interaction of humans with the environment can be considered as the result of the thought process of the residents and affected by the cultural and physical factors of the village. Reading the landscapes is a necessary condition for understanding the whole in the direction of the spatial development of the village according to its spatial components and existence. Based on the field observations, this study attempts to clarify the problem and advance the research by answering the following main question: What is the role of reading and knowing the landscape of the village in its place-oriented development process? This article presents a model of landscape reading based on the concept of place, based on field observations and their adaptation to library resources, with a holistic approach. In this regard, a case study of Darb Gonbad village was studied based on a model that includes three stages of its landscape: first, the study of intellectual works such as travelogues, documents, and historical books that provide a general picture of the elements of the landscape and its structures. provided to the reader. Second, to investigate and understand the core, center, and cause of the formation of the village to understand its ontological and general causes. Third, examining the name to understand the cause or causes of the formation of the city as a whole. The conclusion of the research indicates that the landscape of the village is the result of a meaningful relationship between the elements of the river, the plain (agricultural fields), Imamzadeh, and the mountain. These elements in relation to each other have formed units, which in relation to each other have created a whole unit called the village. The development model of Darb Gonbad village will be balanced and sustainable if it considers the village as a whole unit of its components. Any intervention in the village system, if it takes into account the meaningful relationship between these elements, will improve the landscape of the village based on its spatial talents.

Rural tourism, as one of the fundamental elements of development, contributes to the economic, social, cultural, and environmental capabilities of rural areas, and by utilizing its countless potentials, it significantly aids in the sustainable development of rural regions. However, in rural development programs and plans, tourism is often either overlooked or, if considered, solely focused on increasing the number of tourists without taking into account the spatial, historical, social, and geographical characteristics of the villages. This has resulted in existing development initiatives not only failing to significantly increase the number of tourists in rural areas but also causing serious damage to the natural landscape and socio-historical fabric of the villages. This research aims to examine rural tourism from an epistemological perspective and explore its dimensions of development. How can a place-based approach be utilized to optimize the potential of rural tourism, capitalize on available opportunities, and achieve sustainable rural tourism development? The research methodology employed is primarily exploratory, with some library-based components. The findings indicate that adopting a holistic and integrated approach to tourism development, considering the local characteristics of each village, can reduce the negative impacts of fragmentation and compartmentalization. Additionally, an epistemological approach to tourism can contribute to strengthening rural tourism, not only through physical interventions but also by leveraging the cultural, social, and identity capacities of each village. Operational strategies, including the preservation of ecological and natural landmarks, revitalization of local qualities, updating livelihood practices, and establishing local cooperation networks, contribute to improving tourism development and enhancing the spatial capacities of rural areas.

Nowadays, tourist and commercial centers are constantly expanding. These days, a grand project called “Iran Mall” has been constructed in District 22 of Tehran, which is a magnificent example of the capabilities of Iranian engineers using state-of-the-art technologies. It has managed to significantly change the appearance and structure of its surrounding area. One of the factors that has contributed to the recognition of this shopping center and attracting tourists is the organization of events and special occasions, which connects the tourism industry with the economy. This article examines the Nowruz event in Iran, its cultural and social activities, and its relevance to a commercial platform. The descriptive-analytical method, along with library studies and field visits through interviews, were used for this purpose, and the role of organizing such events in the formation of important tourist centers in Tehran was identified. Shopping centers have played a significant role in the development of social interactions and the improvement of urban life. Iran Mall, by utilizing large spaces, organizing multiple events, and providing diverse facilities, meets international standards. Even during the COVID-19 crisis, it played a crucial role in changing the use of spaces and solving societal problems. Overall, the completion and development of this cultural and commercial landmark, as an Iranian and Islamic symbol, has had a considerable impact on attracting tourists, despite some criticisms such as the lack of architectural coherence in the spaces.

Natural landscape refers to the human perception of nature. Rural landscape, as a type of natural landscape, reflects the most natural and meaningful way of human habitation throughout history. It is a perfect example of humans valuing the natural landscape and the mutual influence of these two landscapes is undeniable. This article attempts to examine the contribution of protecting the natural landscape of the village as a place-making factor in the process of rural development. This research is critical qualitative drawing upon a critical examination of literature in light of its theoretical foundation. The impact of the development process on the natural landscape of the villages was investigated through field observations in three villages of Kuhdasht city, including Payastan, Sorkhdom Leki, Abu al-Wafa, and the city of Darbgonbad. The results of the investigations showed that due to the lack of attention to place and place-making indicators in development plans, the natural landscape and its place-making role have faced transformation and the cultural role of natural elements in various fields such as housing and communications have been overlooked, and resulted in unplanned interventions irrespective of the natural environment, upset the tripartite combination of the landscape. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the pathology of the situation caused by the lack of protection of the natural landscape as a place-making component in the development process of the mentioned villages.