مجله بررسی مسائل اقتصاد ایران
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

This study aims to analyze the current situation in order to increase the share of exported items in the neighboring countries’ markets. To this end, in addition to doing a document-based review of previous studies, semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect field data. The data were then analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method and bottom-up coding using MaxQDA. The results of the study showed that the country's export problems originate from the style of economic governance and the turbulent political relations with rich countries and also from the sanctions imposed on the country. In addition, the inefficient structure of the country's bureaucracy and the lack of a powerful centralized superordinate authority to facilitate the country's production and export have been the most important sources of continuing harm in this area. Therefore, in addition to the need to develop and implement a long-term, coherent macro-strategy for production and export as a superordinate document dominating other laws, it is necessary to have a unique and powerful sovereign authority in the country which has undisputed power to remove obstacles and ensure the fulfillment of export goals.

Consumption as the most stable variable of GDP, plays an important role in the economy. According to consumption theories, the form of the consumption function in the short and long run changes the coefficients of macro-variables multiplier, This has an effect on how macro policies affect economic variables. In this regard, in the present study, an attempt has been made to empirically test the hypothesis of the ratch effect of Duesenberry consumption using annual time series data of the Iranian economy during the period 1976-2020. For this purpose, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), BMA_ADL and deep learning method LSTM (Long short term memory) has been used. results indicate that this hypothesis is not consistent for Iran. In other words, empirical evidence shows that, contrary to Dusenberry's theory, the slope of the consumption function in the short term is higher than the slope of the long-run function. As a result, the Multiplier coefficient of demand management policies in the short run is more than the long run. This pattern of consumption behavior can be called the precautionary behavior of households, which originates from Iran's economic conditions.

Considering that one of the most important concerns of the country's economic politicians is financial development and factors affecting it, and since Iran has a lot of educated manpower and is one of the rich countries in terms of having natural resources, such as is oil and gas; Therefore, this research seeks to investigate the effect of abundance of natural resources and human capital on financial development in Iran during the period of 1974-2021 using Auto Regression Distributed Lag (ARDL). The results indicate that the abundance of natural resources has a negative effect and human capital has a positive effect on financial development in the long term. Due to the fact that the incomes from natural resources enter the economic system from the institutional framework and government structure, it seems that in Iran, due to weak governance, the creation of rents, corruption, reduction of productivity and etc., it causes the opposite effect of natural resources on financial development. Also, the results of this research show that open trade and technology have a positive and significant effect on financial development in Iran's economy in the long term.

In the current research, by applying the Barrow model and using the Kalman filter approach and the concept of implicit trend by introducing an unobservable variable, the relationship between inflation and economic growth in Iran during the period of 1353-1401 was investigated. In this research, the variables of capital stock, labor force, life expectancy, literacy rate, exchange rate margin, inflation rate, inflation squared and gross domestic product were used. Also, in order to compare the results of estimating the effect of inflation on economic growth and to examine the long-term results, the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) was used. The results indicate that the threshold level of inflation is 16.9% in the short term and 9.4% in the long term. Therefore, it is recommended that the targeting of the inflation rate lower than these levels should be considered. Also, the relationship between labor force, capital, life expectancy and literacy rate variables with positive and significant economic growth was estimated and the negative relationship between exchange rate margin and economic growth was confirmed. Therefore, to increase economic growth in Iran, the policies of increasing employment, increasing capital stock and reducing the exchange rate margin are recommended.

In most developingcountries that export oil and have weak institutional quality,oil plays a hindering role in their economic growth and development.Therefore,these countries prioritize enhancing the value of their oil products and diversifying their offerings to gain a competitive edge in the global markets and achieve sustained economic growth and development.Numerous other research articlesexamining economic growth have reached the consensus that empowering women,who comprise half of a country's human resources,yields beneficial outcomes inshaping the planning of the development process and its effectiveness.Additionally, achieving balanced growth and sustainable development is akey objective that involves adopting a positive and equitable approach towards addressing women's issues and empowering them to assume diverseroles in the developmentprocess (Khosravi etal.,2011:125).However,it appears that the impact of key measures of women's progress on the shift from an oil-based economy has not been examined using actual evidence from developing nationsthat export oil, particularly Iran.The significance ofwomen in a country's economy lies inthefact thatthey constitute half of the population and have the potential toliberate oil-exporting economies from reliance on oil revenue whilemitigating potential adverse effects ofoil income.Consequently, this study aims tofill this research gap by investigating the subject using data from17chosen developing oil-exporting countries,for which the required data was available between2011and2018.

Current research seeks to investigate the role of per capita consumption of renewable energy, carbon emissions per capita, trade openness, and urbanization growth rate on life expectancy by using quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR) modeling in the annual time frame from 1965 to 2022 for Iran. The results show that the per capita consumption of renewable energy has a positive effect on life expectancy. This positive relationship was stronger in the quantiles (0.6 to 0.95) of per capita consumption of renewable energy and the quantiles (0.7 to 0.95) of life expectancy. Also, carbon emissions per capita hurt life expectancy in some quantiles and have a positive effect in some quantiles, and this negative relationship in quantiles (0.05 to 0.95) of carbon emissions per capita and quantiles (0.6 to 0.95) life expectancy has been stronger. Also, trade openness and urbanization growth rate have positively affected life expectancy. Thus, the findings of this research show that governments should identify their potential in renewable energy sources and design policies such as tax regulations or relevant incentives to encourage investment, consumption, and production of renewable energy, which can help achieve the goal of sustainable development and life expectancy.