Advances in the Standards and Applied Sciences
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Winter 2024

Medical devices play a pivotal role in modern healthcare, contributing to improved patient outcomes and enhanced quality of life. However, with their growing complexity and integration into various medical practices, there is a pressing need to address potential risks associated with their use. This implies that the device should be safe and effective and risk analysis plays a key role in the development of medical devices design. The goal is to minimize related use hazards and, assure the final users are able to use medical devices safely and effectively throughout the product life cycle.By identifying and addressing potential risks throughout the device's lifecycle, stakeholders can collectively work towards the goal of providing safer and more effective medical devices for the betterment of healthcare worldwide.This note highlights the significance of risk management in the medical device industry and explores how effective risk management strategies can ensure the safety and efficacy of medical devices, ultimately benefiting both patients and healthcare provider.

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and algorithms across various industries globally necessitates a focus on protecting the public interest. Major economies have heavily invested in AI initiatives, underscoring the significance of these advancements. To mitigate potential risks stemming from AI failures, ensuring the dependability and quality of these systems is crucial. In response, there have been efforts to establish monitoring frameworks and evaluation standards for AI products. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of more than 200 standards and publications to identify quantitative and qualitative metrics for evaluating AI systems throughout their development stages. The study also examines the methodologies, checklists, and standards associated with these assessment criteria. The findings emphasize the importance of implementing robust evaluation frameworks to ensure the safety and effectiveness of AI systems. By synthesizing various metrics and standards, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers, regulators, and industry professionals aiming to enhance AI oversight and governance. Moreover, the study highlights the necessity of continuous monitoring and evaluation throughout the AI development process to address potential risks and challenges. By advocating for transparency and accountability in AI practices, stakeholders can build trust and confidence in the deployment of these technologies.

Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory ocular disorder in which the cornea bulges in the shape of a cone. Therefore, this progressive disease will cause visual impairment. The precise aetiology of keratoconus is not well understood. Investigating the pathogenesis of keratoconus from a biomechanical point of view will determine which biomechanical factor plays the dominant role in keratoconus formation. In this study, using the finite element method, a three-dimensional model of the human cornea with anatomical dimensions was created, and hyperelastic isotropic properties were assigned to it. Then, the inner surfaces of the model were subjected to physiological intraocular pressure. This model was regarded as a healthy cornea and as a reference model. Then, two symmetric and asymmetric states of keratoconus were simulated. For this purpose, a circular region was created in the center of the cornea (for the symmetric state) or in one of its quarters (for the asymmetric state), and then, in this circular region (i.e., locally), the following operations were performed with three different intensities to simulate three different stages of symmetric/asymmetric keratoconus: 1) reducing the thickness, 2) weakening the mechanical properties, and 3) reducing the thickness and weakening the mechanical properties, simultaneously. By analyzing the displacements, it was found that the local weakening of the mechanical properties makes the cornea significantly steep in the area affected by the disease and causes keratoconus formation. Therefore, in keratoconus formation, the weakening of mechanical properties plays a primary role, and the reduction of thickness plays a secondary and auxiliary role.

Risk means the acceptance of an unfortunate event and its effects. In other words, the effect of uncertainty on goals is called risk. This effect can be positive, negative or both. Uncertainty means that the occurrence of an effect or its consequence is unknown, the occurrence is unknown and its consequence is certain, the occurrence is certain and its consequence is unknown. Risk is an inherent part of all projects and its management improves performance in project management and the results of that project. Project risks are derived from aspects of scope, time and cost or affecting them; Therefore, their analysis and prioritization can play a significant role in the sustainable success of the project. New companies are facing dynamic and less experienced risks. For this purpose, in this research, the challenges and risks of Internet startups have been identified by experts in the form of 9 risks, and the interpretive structural modeling technique has been used to analyze and determine the levels of risks. . Based on the calculated prioritization, "theft of information of people in the network" is at the lowest level of risk and "not applying the right policy to collect fees from users of products" is obtained at the highest level of the risk model of new Internet companies. Also, relationships and mutual effects between risks have been identified using this technique.

Network-on-Chips (NoCs) have been accepted as a viable communication platform in many-core systems. However, they possess high network latency and consume large power. In this paper, we introduce a minimal routing algorithm in partially connected 3D Network-on-Chip, in which a fixed place of TSVs is designed to reduce TSV implementation cost which can be provided as a standard in the automotive electronics industry. This routing algorithm employs network congestion and fault information to find the minimum path while avoiding traversing the faulty paths. The proposed algorithm consists of in-layer routing and interlayer routing. The intra-layer routing algorithm employs an information propagation network to propagate control information between nodes located in the same layer. It uses a parameter called index to select the optimum path between nodes in the same layer. The index value is updated periodically based on a faulty link or a faulty node and published across networks. The interlayer routing algorithm is performed based on the minimum path to the elevator routers. The proposed algorithm reduces the average packet latency and increases the network throughput. The simulation results indicate that our routing algorithm improves network latency by 15.3% compared to two other routing algorithms.

The electrical industry has been evolving since the last decades of the 19th century. This industry encompasses a wide range of application from electricity generation and distribution to electronic gadgets and computer hardware. Standardization activities in the electrical industry are focused on design, manufacture and operation of electrical and electronic systems including devices, appliances and accessories as well as installations. The wide range of standards in electrical industry makes it crucial for any electrical engineer to have a generic understanding of the common aspects and purposes of these standards as well as their coverage and range of application. It is important for example, to know how to find the relevant standards for a specific type of cable which is to be used in an installation. The book "Standards and Standardization in Electrical Industry" covers many important aspects of the subject. This book review is dedicated to introduce and discuss the significance, contents and readership of this book.