فصلنامه اقتصاد اسلامی
پیاپی 92 (زمستان 1402)

Microeconomics and macroeconomics share the principle that the market is a suitable field for realizing efficiency, maximum production and, consequently, maximum economic welfare. Microeconomics pursues this by assuming free competition in pursuit of individual interests and maximum coordination of this personal interest with the collective interest with the help of the invisible hand or coordination by minimal government interventions. Therefore, the macroeconomic view in microeconomics is completely aggregated. By denying the above assumptions, Keynes proposed non-aggregative macroeconomics as an economic theory of interest to the individual and the government. By presenting the economic religion of Islam, Martyr Sadr recognizes the market, but with assumptions other than neoclassical microeconomics, and at the same time, he also accepts the need for macroeconomics, but not with the assumption of Keynes' analysis of the inefficiency of the market, but with the assumption of achieving social balance through the maximization of collective benefit. mundane for the maximization of otherworldly individual benefit. With this view, Islamic economy definitely needs a macro branch. This article pays attention to a corner of the basis and nature of conventional and Islamic macroeconomics and the necessity of Islamic macroeconomics based on the perspective of Shahid Sadr using a descriptive-analytical method and referring to documents.

The problems of the monetary and banking structure، especially the existence of chronic inflation in Iran's economy, have caused the alternative theories of the existing monetary and banking structure to receive much attention in the academic and elite environment. One of the alternative theories that tries to present itself as an Islamic theory is the theory of gold money. This theory, which is derived from the theories of the Austrian school of economists, has been accepted by some Muslim scholars. In the book "An introduction to the Theory of Gold money: The Monetary System of Modern Islamic Civilization", the dimensions of this theory and operational system for the implementation of the gold money system have been expressed. This article has criticized gold money theory with an analytical and descriptive method، focusing on the claims made in the above book. The conclusion is reached that the theorists of this theory could not explain their claims in all three parts of proving: 1) proving the Islamic nature of “gold money” based on school principals; 2) the operational processes of gold money and 3) the proof of the efficiency of this method compared to fiat money. It seems that their major problem is the lack of the proper understanding of a monetary structure based on gold.

In recent years, the volume of issuance of various types of Islamic securities in the capital market of Iran has grown significantly, and this indicates that the attention of many companies has been directed to financing through the capital market. One of the important requirements for the development of financing through securities is the design of securities according to the characteristics of the applicants. Even though the board of directors of the stock exchange organization approved the instructions of attorney in 2018, the applicants for financing have not used the capacity of these bonds so far. While power of attorney is a widely used financing mechanism in Islamic countries. The purpose of this research is to redesign Wakalah sukuk according to the experience of its publication in Islamic countries. In this regard, by studying the laws, regulations and experiences of selected Islamic countries, the important components in the redesign of Wakalah sukuk were identified and classified into three categories: jurisprudence, legal and executive. Based on these components, the guidelines and decrees of the Jurisprudence Committee on Wakalah sukuk were analyzed, and finally, corrective solutions regarding the directives, the decrees of the Jurisprudence Committee and the resolution were presented.

 The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics And the advantages, effective factors and upcoming obstacles for the acceptance of takaful in the insurance industry have been discussed.

The statistical population of the research is the experts who work scientifically and executively related to Takaful discussion. The target sample in this part of the research was selected by snowball sampling method. This research was conducted using the foundation's data approach through interviews with experts..

The results obtained from the outputs can be described in the following three sections: Features and advantages: religious and belief feature, economic feature, fund-based feature, benevolent feature, new and innovative, based on takaful model, no disadvantages of conventional insurances, reduction of all kinds of costs, being justice oriented.Effective factors for acceptance: religious and Islamic factors, economic factors, political-administrative factors, ethical factors, technical factors, laws and regulations, unique characteristics of takaful, awareness and advertising, type of product quality.Obstacles to acceptance: laws and regulations, cost, lack of acculturation, lack of experience and information, lack of executive, regulatory and information technology infrastructure, lack of trust, lack of familiarity and proper understanding, lack of public favor.

According to the results of the data in the three sections of features, effective factors and obstacles, a suitable foundation can be made for takaful and the success and realization of this new insurance product..Keywords: Takaful insurance, Attributes, Effective factors and Barriers