Journal of the Socio - Political Thought of Islam
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Winter and Spring 2021

There are many theories about human nature in both Western and Islamic scholarship. In the history of Western philosophy, the story of human nature has its background in ancient Greek philosophy. There is a wide range of theories of human nature, as numerous as philosophies themselves, presented by many thinkers from different cultures, periods, and schools of thought. Undoubtedly, one of the practical elements in shaping and orientating the humane sciences depends on the type of interpretation of human nature and identity; for instance, a secularist view of human nature in one way and a religious view in another way play a fundamental role in the process of determining the sort of humane sciences. This article focuses on Allama Tabatabaei's explanation of human nature as the foundation of Islamic humanities by using descriptive-analytical and exploratory-inferential techniques. Allama first looks at human nature in terms of its link to the Cause of the causes, the Creator. His concern was human nature from the very outset of the creation of the human soul and before its inherence in the human body to the end of physical life on this earth, and even into the soul's life after Death and finally at the Resurrection. Such an understanding of human nature is the original basis of Islamic human sciences. Although the social aspects of human life and human beings' intercommunication are Allama's focus, they are secondary to the perfection of the human individual and self-actualization.

"Happiness" serves as the ultimate aspiration across various religions. In this comparative study, we delve into the concept of happiness in Ibn al-Arabi’s school of thought and Theravada Buddhism. The purpose of this research is to create a dialogue between Buddhism and Islam by comparing how they define “happiness” and how they help the discussion on spirituality. This research thoroughly reviewed relevant scholarly works, primary texts, and secondary sources related to happiness in both traditions. Then, it analyzes how each tradition addresses happiness, ethical conduct, and the path to well-being. Describing the moral system of Ibn al-Arabi and Theravada Buddhism, the research analyzed the concept of happiness and the ways to achieve it on the basis of both schools. This review indicated that Buddha emphasizes freeing one’s self from greed, hatred, and ignorance. Ibn al-Arabi, however, argues that self-purification is not the ultimate goal, but it is the prelude to getting close to Allah and reaching the state of baqa(self-subsistence).

One of the most essential leadership duties in the Islamic Republic of Iran system is to determine the general policies of the system at the macro level of the society. Naming and selecting the year's slogans can be seen as one of the manifestations of the Supreme Leader determining the general policies of the Islamic system. The authors' attempt in this article is to identify the statements of the supreme leader (Sayed Ali Khamenei) during the past three decades in the field of "development and promotion of science and research in Iran" in three stages of open, central, and selective identification, using the foundation data method. 23,245 available identifiers, 456 concepts, and 20 main categories focusing on "science production" should be presented as a conceptual model. The research findings show that the authority created for the country, the global authority, and the realization of the ideal Iranian-Islamic society are the consequences of the realization of the production of science. The innovative aspect of the research is to help executive policymakers make decisions in science production systematically according to the Supreme Leader's menu.

In recent decades, the Muslim world has frequently been in world news headlines. Sayyid Qutb is one of the characters who played a significant role in the events in that part of the world. By appealing to the theoretical framework of Thomas Spragens for crisis, this article struggles to explain why and how Sayyid Qutb had such an influence on the Islamists. His influence is due to several social factors rather than his distinguished personality or high scientific level. This article studies the causes of Sayyid Qutb's impact on contemporary political Islamist movements. The lack of efficient ideology at his time, the inefficiency of Muslim Brothers' literature, the suggestion of new concepts about ​​Islamic society and government, the prescription of the uprising against Sunni ruler by Qutb, the historical conditions of Egyptian society, the execution of Sayyid Qutb, all together created an atmosphere in which the excited addressee in Egypt and soon in other Arab and Muslim countries saw the solution to their problems in achieving the ideal society that Sayyid Qutb drew. In this regard, the well-known book of Qutb, "Ma'alim fi Al-Tariq" (Milestones), written with extraordinary passion and zeal, became the manifesto of Islamist movements in Egypt and later affected Islamic movements elsewhere.

Contemporary scholars emphasize the deliberate, voluntary, and responsible nature of participation, both as a right and a social obligation, attributing participation as an indispensable component of social justice and women's involvement as half of society. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to elucidate the challenges and obstacles to institutionalizing women's social participation, considering the capacities of the legal system in Iran, and based on this, propose solutions for institutionalizing their participation. The research findings indicate that underutilizing all legal capacities for women's participation in the country's legal system and deliberation on solutions should be prioritized. The main challenges in this regard are focused on women's imbalance and minimal role in influential positions such as political and legislative institutions and managerial positions. The results suggest that by removing barriers and utilizing the capacities of the legal system, steps can be taken towards strengthening sustainable balance and stability. Accordingly, promoting women to managerial levels through institutionalizing appropriate governance and positive discrimination and strengthening women's position in legislative and supervisory institutions through legislation to adjust women's share and education and cultural promotion to maximize women's participation is recommended.

Wahhabism, in obedience to its elders, has raised doubts about the sanctity of visiting graves, deeming traveling to visit the grave of the Noble Prophet (PBUH) as forbidden. They have opposed the consensus of Muslims on traveling to visit the graves of predecessors in Medina and the recommended mosques in Medina. Furthermore, they have questioned women's visitation of graves due to seeking intercession from the deceased and Prohibition of evasive legal devices. This article seeks to address the question: What is the viewpoint of Sunni and Shia scholars regarding Wahhabi doubts about women's visitation of graves? The aim of this research is to elucidate Islamic rulings and the equality of the issue of visiting graves for both men and women. Regarding the visitation of graves, by responding to Wahhabi doubts about women's visitation of graves, the permission for visitation will become apparent according to the viewpoints of Shia scholars such as Bahrani, Najafi, and others, as well as Sunni jurists such as Khurashi, Ibn Abidin, Shawkani, and Ibn AbdulBarr. Considering the subject, the research method is descriptive-analytical, utilizing credible sources from Islamic schools of thought. Through examining authentic Islamic sources, Wahhabi doubts, such as considering it as mischief against non-mahram, Prohibition of evasive legal devices, and cursing women who visit graves, are found to be weak and lacking in legal evidence.