Journal of the Socio - Political Thought of Islam
Volume:3 Issue: 2, Winter and Spring 2022

The acceptance of peace with Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan in the year 41 AH marks a pivotal moment in the history of Islam and Shiism. Despite the military superiority of Muawiyah over the institution of caliphate and the withdrawal of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him) in his favor, the continuity of Shiism and the persistence of the Shiite population trapped amidst the anti-Shiite policies of the newly empowered caliph seemed unlikely under normal circumstances. Muawiyah's diverse package of challenges aimed at eradicating the Shiite identity encountered various reactions from Imam Hasan (peace be upon him) and ultimately failed. The issue of this study is to examine the most important packages of challenges posed by Muawiyah and the reactions of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him) in achieving two contradictory goals: the elimination or preservation of the Shiite community. The results of this study indicate that Imam Hasan's (peace be upon him) package of responses, characterized by realism, rationality, and proportionality to the available resources of the Shiite community, managed to turn the challenge packages posed by the Umayyad government into an opportunity for survival and the continuation of its historical heritage.

Followers of the Ahlul Bayt school of thought have historically either been sidelined or antagonized within the corridors of power for fourteen centuries. Consequently, the establishment of an Islamic government has remained elusive, and Shiite jurisprudence was primarily individual-focused, devoid of anticipation for system administration and government formation. With the realization of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the incorporation of jurisprudence into the realm of governance paved the way for new manifestations of jurisprudence, essentially propelling jurisprudence towards a broader movement in governance as a precursor to establishing a modern Islamic civilization. One of the fundamental reasons for the formation of a grand Islamic government was the advancement of the Western world and the adversaries of Islam towards their own civilization, which necessitated a level of civilizational confrontation. This research, utilizing content analysis based on data collection and library studies, seeks to elucidate the main call of the governance jurisprudential approach, namely its "systematization" power, by examining the perspectives of two principal exponents of this theory, the late Martyr Sadr and Imam Khomeini (RA), and comparing these two viewpoints while providing a comprehensive explanation of Imam's stance on this matter. It is demonstrated that jurisprudence responsible for refining issues in all three domains of the individual, politics, and society, and additionally, by employing a form of special engineering to establish meaningful connections among various facets of jurisprudence, it organizes and ensures them within a cohesive framework, mitigating potential conflicts.

The legal system of Afghanistan is based on Islam. In religious societies, religion and its teachings play a fundamental role in shaping the identity of individuals in the community. Identity refers to a set of characteristics, feelings, and distinctive beliefs that distinguish an individual or group of individuals. The main objective of this research is to study and examine the mechanisms for ensuring women's religious identity in jurisprudence and the legal system of Afghanistan. The descriptive-analytical method (content analysis) has been employed to achieve this goal. The findings indicate that in Islamic jurisprudence, the position and high status of women have been given more attention based on the principles of justice, wisdom, nature, and public interest. Additionally, the legal system of Afghanistan has considered various mechanisms to ensure women's religious identity, including its adherence to Islam as per the third principle of its constitution, as well as Article 149 of the same law, which emphasizes the adaptation and implementation of Islamic teachings, development and promotion of religious knowledge among women, formulation of educational system based on Islamic principles, and adoption of necessary measures to combat customs contrary to Islamic laws, all of which contribute to ensuring women's religious identity. The Supreme Court of Afghanistan, as the highest judicial and oversight body within the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is responsible for reviewing the conformity of laws, legislative decrees, and treaties with the constitution and Islamic principles and jurisprudence interpretation.

The discourse of "security" has been proposed as a new approach to criminal law and criminal policy. This approach is especially evident in the police organization - as a clear manifestation of top-down governance and in the form of the first level of power interaction with the people. Keeping in mind that the limits of government and political systems' involvement in the field of security are not always the same everywhere, the main issue in this research was that the fear of crime and victimization is completely natural, and if it causes Citizens to take appropriate measures to avoid being victimized, it has an important protective function, but when this feeling takes on an extreme and unreasonable aspect that causes and strengthens such a feeling, one can witness many harmful personal and social effects of The passivity and social isolation of the citizens and the reduction of public trust in the government and the institutions of exercising public power were among them, and probably retaliation by the frightened citizens in the form of delinquency, abnormality, and disobedience. In particular, three factors have played a role in the formation of the security-oriented criminal policy: 1- terrorism and gangsterism (group crimes), 2- the performance of the media in publishing criminal news, and 3- increasing the crime rate. The method of the present research is the analysis of security-oriented policy on the fear of citizens being victimized. The authors of security-oriented criminal policy are divided into two categories: active (security-oriented before the crime) and reactive (security-oriented after the crime). As a result, the quality of life of citizens and their level of mental and psychological security can also be a function of police policies and actions. The present research, while examining the concept and components of security orientation in criminal policy, especially in police actions and measures, investigates its effect. It has examined the citizens' fear of being victimized and its relationship with the category of citizenship rights.

Independence in responsibility is something that has been specified in different legal systems, with different titles and propositions, based on reason and fairness. According to this principle, the government or international organization is responsible for behavior that is considered a violation of their international obligations and is attributed to them. On the other hand, a system of jurisprudential rules such as the minister's rule and its supplementary rules (as the issue of this article) will include provisions for the development and advancement of the principle of independent responsibility. The necessity of the independent international responsibility of the government is one of the most important issues of international law in the contemporary era; Moreover, it has a close relationship with other areas of international law, especially the issue of international peace and security. Therefore, the legal development of this debate based on jurisprudence and its introduction to the field of international law will lead to the development of the guarantee of the implementation of international law and will have useful and valuable effects on the international responsibility of the government. Based on this, the purpose of this descriptive-analytical writing is to develop this legal entity found in the United Nations International Law Commission by presenting the fruits of the jurisprudence rule and its supplementary rules to the field of international law, in order to guarantee The interests of small powers against big powers and the enrichment and efficiency of international law are with the help of Islamic thought.

The era of Qajar rule coincided with the large presence of European diplomats in Iran. Many of these diplomats, in addition to their expertise in political and cultural affairs, were people of wisdom and knowledge and were fluent in various languages. Among these diplomats, there is Antoine Carey, who came to Iran from the French government to carry out a political mission, and during his stay in Iran, he translated, studied and researched Islamic and Shiite historical and religious texts. One of the works translated by him is the book "Islamic Laws on Halal and Haram Issues". His translation is masterful. He also wrote a detailed introduction to it, in which he discussed the political developments of the legal system of Iran and France. In this article, Carey's introduction to the book has been discussed. The research method employed in this article is the translation and analysis of Carey's work