مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 49، بهار 1384)

Leptin is a fat tissue hormone that has 176 amino acids with a molecular weight of 16 KD . Leptin has effects on the hypothalamus and peripheral tissues resulting in decreased food absorption and increased energy consumption that finally reduces the body weight and BMI. The aim of this research was to investigate the blood levels of leptin before and after treatment with Metformin in type II diabetic patients.

25 type II diabetic patients without any previous drug treatment history were investigated. This study was a clinical trail before and after treatment with Metformin.

There was no particular difference in BMI, average body weight, fat mass and free fat mass before and after treatment. Similarly, the difference in concentration levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, tri-glycerides and LDL-cholesterol before and after treatment was not statistically significant. Also, there was no difference in the average concentration of leptin and insulin before and after treatment

This result showed that although metformin decreased glucose and lipid levels during the treatment period, (1 month) it did not have an effect on leptin, Insulin and other related factors during treatment.

Hyperlipidemia and diabetes are common risk factors for ischemic heart disease, which is the main cause of mortality in diabetic patients. Strict control of blood glucose and other risk factors in diabetics has led to prevention of complications. Garlic has received particular attention for control of blood glucose and decrease in blood lipid levels. At present, several studies have been carried out in order to prove advantages of garlic.

In this study, effects of garsin (a derivative of garlic present in our country) on serum lipids and blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients was observed. Forty-five type 2 diabetics who had hyperlipidemia were selected. These patients were kept on treatment with 3 tablets of Garsin / day for 4 weeks. Serum lipids and blood glucose levels were measured prior to and at the end of treatment.

Relationship between sex and response to treatment in this study was meaningful, such that Gsarsin led to decrease in LDL-C and increase in HDL in females.

Therefore, Garsin can be used as an adjunct to treatment in diabetes type 2 patients with hyperlipidemia.

Introdaction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic and side effects of erythropoietin in the management of anemia in chronic renal failure. In this study, 60 patients were given Erythropoietin subcutaneously three times/week for 2 months.

Mean hemoglobin of patients was recorded before beginning Erythropoietin and also one weeks, one month and two months after treatment.

Mean hemoglobin value before treatment was 7.6 g/dl that increased to 9.08g/dl 2 months later. Hemoglobin levels were not dependent on the age and sex of the patient, but there was a meaningful difference between diabetics and nondiabetics.

The side effects of Erythropoietin in this study in order of frequency were as follows: Hypertension, A.V fistula thrombosis, allergy and seizure.

To describe the outcome of the sapheno-femoral fistula as an alternative blood access site for maintenance hemodialysis in a prospective cohort of patients with end - stage renal failure.

Twenty-two patients with vascular access failure in the arms were admitted for establishing sapheno-femoral fistula as a puncture site for hemodialysis. The major saphenous vein was exposed at the junction site with femoral vein and its tributary veins were ligated . The saphenous vein was isolated and mobilized throughout the thigh and end to side anastomosis accomplished with the superficial femoral artery by a running 6-0 prolene suture after conducting the vein through a subcutaneous tunnel.

Failure rate of saphenofemoral fistula was 22. 7% at two years follow up. Mean ± SE survival of fistula was 16.4+/- 2.75 months. Significant survival difference wasn’t seen between two sexes. Rate of wound infection and chronic pain of surgery site was similar( 9.1%).

Two-year survival rate of 77% and morbidity less than 10% leads to suggestion of saphenofemoral fistula as an alternative for upper extremity fistulas in end- stage renal failure patients

An effective preventive health education program on drug abuse can be delivered by applying behavior change theories in a complementary fashion.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of integrating self-control into Extended Parallel Process Model in drug substance abuse behaviors. A sample of 189 governmental high school students participated in this survey. Information was collected individually by completing researcher designed questionnaire and a urinary rapid immuno-chromatography test for opium and marijuana.

The results of the study show that 6.9% of students used drugs (especially opium and marijuana) and also peer pressure was determinant factor for using drugs. Moreover the EPPM theoretical variables of perceived severity and perceived self-efficacy with self-control are predictive factors to behavior intention against substance abuse. In this manner, self-control had a significant effect on protective motivation and perceived efficacy. Low self- control was a predictive factor of drug abuse and low self-control students had drug abuse experience.

The results of this study suggest that an integration of self-control into EPPM can be effective in expressing and designing primary preventive programs against drug abuse, and assessing abused behavior and deviance behaviors among adolescent population, especially risk seekers

Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian parasite and has, as intermediate hosts, many warm-blooded animals, including mammals and birds. Congenital toxoplasmosis is one of the most important infectious diseases seen in fetuses and infants born from mothers infected with Tox.gondii during pregnancy. Congenital infection, which may occur if a mother is infected for the first time during pregnancy, is often serious, resulting in abortion or severe neurological and ophthalmological disorders. Information on human cases of neonatal toxoplasmosis makes it unquestionable that Toxoplasma crosses the placenta and invades the fetus in utero in each of the two cases. .

Tox. gondii infection in newborn rat litters was detected by a bioassay and parasitological method. Rat litters were billed and where possible, separated from their mothers in order to prevent feeding. Their tissues were separately homogenized in normal saline or PBS and inoculated intraperitoneally in 3 mice. The tissues used for bioassays were brain, hearts, lungs, livers, and spleen of pups, which were killed on the day of birth. In addition, control infected rat were sacrificed and their different tissues were evaluated for parasite burden at each time point of reinfection and chronic infection.

Data in the occurrence of congenital transmission from chronically infected mother rats given similarly graded inoculums of the RH strains (1(106 to 5(106) presented that none of the 36 pups was infected with Tox.gondii. The occurrence of congenital transmission in rats reinfected with Toxoplasma shows that none of the 14 pups was infected with Tox.gondii. Rats were reinfected intra- peritoneally with 1(106 parasite at 1,2 and 4 months after primary infection, respectively.

Thus, this study demonstrated that Rats chronically infected with Tox.gondii, have immunity capable of protecting their embryos from congenital infection, even if they are reinfected during pregnancy and the immunity systems of these mothers can fully protect the fetus from such infections

Different studies have shown that there is no relation between sperm chromatin stability and fertilization rate in both IVF and ICSI patients. However, the relation between SDS tests, as a detergent, along with DTT as reducer of disulphide bridges has not been studied so far in ICSI patients. Since different concentrations of DTT can induce different degrees of sperm chromatin decondensation, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of DTT on sperm chromatin decondensation in IVF and ICSI cases.

During this study, 85 patients were divided into two groups according to their treatment procedure (IVF or ICSI).Semen samples of each patient was evaluated for sperm chromatin tests including SDS, SDS+EDTA & SDS+DTT for assessment of free thiole groups level (-SH), amount of non covalent bond between Zn and thioles(-SH Zn SH-) and levels of disulfide bond (-S-S-) in sperm chromatin, respectively. In this study, seminal fructose concentration, corrected seminal fructose level and true corrected fructose level as indicators of seminal vesicle function on sperm chromatin stability were assessed.

No correlation was observed between any of the above tests and rate of fertilization, both in IVF and ICSI cases. However, in IVF patients, a significant correlation was observed between SDS, SDS+DTT test and seminal fructose level, while in ICSI patients, only a significant correlation was observed between SDS+DTT and corrected or true fructose concentration.

Since no correlation was observed between sperm chromatin test and fertilization rate, it is suggested that the chromatin status of these samples are adequate for fertilization to take place and extent of disulphide bridges has no effect on fertilization rate. However, the amount of disulphide bound present in sperms of ICSI and IVF patients are different, and this difference is related to seminal vesicle performance in these patients.

This study was performed in order to compare the efficacy of vitamin B1and Iboprofen in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

180 women aged between 11-17 years with primary dysmenorrhea were divided to 2 groups: Group A: (n: 60) received 100mg vit B1 daily in leuteal phase for 3 months . Grope B :( n: 60) Received 400mg Ibuprofen 3 times/day for 5days (3 days before and 2 days after start of menses) for 3 months.

80% of group A and 88.4% of group B were treated as compared to control (P=0001 ), but in group B, side effects were more and the regimen was less tolerated as compared to group A.

Vit B (Thiamine) is well tolerated and effective drug without side effects in primary dysmenorrhea.

The maternal perception of fetal movements at term has been used as an evaluative test of fetal wellbeing since the last 30 years, but there are different reports about its value. The aim of this study was evaluation of decreased fetal movement and relation to situation of fetus in uterus. It is significant that we understand the relationship between decreased fetal movement and increased fetal distress, heart deceleration and meconium.

This study was carried out from 2000-2001 in Kerman Bahonar hospital. The method was a case control one with 100 cases and 100 controls. Cases and controls were selected from pregnant women entering active phase of labor or induction of labor for causes other than perception of decreased fetal movements. Fetal heart rate was monitored in both groups during labor phase and also, color of amniotic fluid and meconium during rupture of membrane was recorded. Type of delivery, Apgar scores at minute 1 and 5, mortality and morbidity were compared in both groups. In this study, amniotic fluid volume was a significant variable that was paid special attention.

After analysis , there was a significant relationship between decreased fetal movement and many variables, for example, gravidity , deceleration of fetal heart , 1st & 5th minutes apgar score, fetal mortality, type of delivery , amniotic fluid volume and meconium staining .

We can conclude that decreased fetal movement is a significant factor in evaluation of fetal well being in near-term ante partum cases.

The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between hopefulness and self esteem in patients posted for renal transplants

In this correlation – descriptive study, a sample of 80 renal transplant recipients was studied. The instruments used included: The sample selection, demographic data, The Herth hope index and Cooper Smith’s self - esteem inventory.

The findings indicated that 45 percent of patients had a low level of hope also, level of hope significantly correlated with self- esteem (r= 0.84 p= 0.0001) and religious beliefs. (r= 0.52 P= 0.0001). Other selected variables were not significantly correlated with the level of hope.

The results showed that all patients receiving renal transplants have a relatively lower level of hope which can be raised by increase in self esteem, strengthening of religious beliefs and highlighting the importance of high level of hope to the patients.

Surfactant or surface active agents are slightly soluble in water and cause foaming in waste treatment plants and also in the surface waters into which the waste effluent is discharged. During aeration of wastewater, these compounds collect on the surface of the water bubbles and create some problems in waste treatment.

In this study, surfactant, turbidity and COD in the industrial wastewater of the company, Paksan was studied. Study was done at pH ranging between 2 and 13 in a pilot scale process.

The results showed that ferric chloride has higher efficiency in removal and it is possible to decrease the surfactant, turbidity and COD

The efficiency of ferric chloride in coagulation process for removal of surfactant, turbidity and COD from industrial wastewater is better than ALUM, Lime and Ferric Sulfate,

Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion present in the southern provinces of the country, especially in Khoozestan stings a lot of people that results in long-standing dangerous side effects and sometimes even mortality. As the study of the effects of this scorpion venom on some laboratory animals can determine its mechanism of action and help us to cure people stung by scorpions, this study has been done to study the effects of Hemiscorpius lepturus venom on levels of WBC, RBC and hematocrit of rats.

An experimental study has been done on 51 rats of the same race with approximate age of 2-3 months, and weight of 200-250 grams. . All the hematological features including WBC (White Blood Cell), RBC (Red Blood Cell) and HT (Hematocrit) were measured prior to venom injection. The same procedures were followed after injection of 1 microlitre of venom. Results before and after injection have been analyzed by Wilcoxon Matched, Pairs signed and Ranks statistical tests.

The results of the study have shown that the venom caused changes in the levels of WBC, RBC and Hematocrit. The mean level of WBC at the start was 10234, whereas following the venom injection it reached to the level of 11757( P<0.0007). The mean number for RBC before the treatment was 7509130 and after injection, the number declined to 7065098( P<0.0001). The average amount of Hematocrit before and after injection was 40.087% and 39.0588 %, respectively (P<0.001).

Hemiscorpius lepturus venom has some effects on the levels of WBC, RBC and hematocrit of rats. The study of the hematological changes in humans can lead to better study of the effect of this venom and consequently suitable cure for the injured.

Diabetic Muscle Infarction is a rare condition involving poorly controlled diabetic patients. This is a manifestation of diabetic microvasculopathy. In this article we present a diabetic man, who presented with left-sided distal thigh pain and left knee joint effusion. Further evaluations led to the diagnosis of diabetic muscle infarction (DMI)