نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 61 (بهار 1386)

The purpose of this paper was to determine the characteristics of remote processing and control systems of geographic information. The processing of geographical information is the product of GIS and telecommunications. Remote geographic information processing is a completely new approach designated by spatial (position) databases, exchange of information at various sites, and continuous and simultaneous analysis of spatial and non-spatial data. Geographic information control can also be carried out using global positioning systems (GPS), databases and instantaneous decision-making systems (crisis headquarters)

The Persian Gulf has a prominent geographic position. Natural conditions such as little depth, water salinity and high evaporation on the one hand, and limited communication with open lands of the world on the other, have created a special ecosystem within the Persian Gulf and its coasts.
The Persian Gulf has long been regarded as one of the most important strategic regions of the world. The Persian Gulf region is a geopolitical unit located in the wider geostrategic basins of the Indian Ocean.
The geographic region of the Persian Gulf acts as one of the most active economic centers in the world. It’s major exports are oil and gas and it’s imports mainly consist of industrial and food products. Natural potential and vast oil and gas resources have contributed to the establishment of a single-product economic system in coastal countries.

Prior to 1941, the Axis Powers were at height of their power. Almost all of Europe was occupied by Germany. The fate of Moscow and Stalingrad changed as a result of a small threat. Rommel (the German commander during the Second World War) was freely advancing in North Africa. The Japanese, with quick and simultaneous invasions in eight regions, achieved an astonishing position and, with this success, a new power emerged in Asia. The Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbor forced the Americans to fight against the Axis states. The American forces first entered the battle at the end of 1942 in North Africa. In the Battle of KASSRIN-PASS, the German Air Force, which was weaker than the US forces in terms of number of forces and equipment, carried out such heavy attack against them that led to their defeat. By analyzing this failure, the Americans came to the conclusion that their main mistake was lack of unity in command and control, as well as their lack of attention to multiple air forces controlled by numerous commanders, including many ground-force commanders. Command and control play very important roles in almost all societies. The advantages and disadvantages of their absence are well known. Command is assigned by commanders and applies to specific resources that usually include human resources. A person who is senior to a commander in terms of hierarchy, can monitor and control the resources that are under that commander’s authority. Therefore, control can be exercised by various organizations within an organizational hierarchical structure, depending on the task assigned to each of them, but command is only imposed by the official commander.

The experiences of developed and developing countries indicate that establishment of industrial districts and settlements and small industrial workshops near rural areas have always created many socio-economic, physical-spatial and environmental changes on small and large scales.
Based on this, the creation of industrial areas and settlements in the city of Shahreza, which has been formed in the vicinity of its villages, has also caused natural, human, economic, spatial and environmental changes that were examined in this study.
Based on this, in order to understand the effect of workshop industries in rural areas, it seems necessary that, while introducing the concept of small workshop-based industries and the factors affecting them, the implications of the establishment of these industries in rural areas in a social and economic assessment be evaluated. Therefore, we determined to examine the social and economic consequences of the creation of workshop-based industries on rural development by conducting a case study in 5 industrial districts and settlements within Shahreza, and discuss the most important strengths and weaknesses of the establishment of workshop industries in order to achieve the goals of sustainable rural development, in which regard the following hypotheses were elaborated:1- Establishment and development of workshop industries in the vicinity of rural areas of Shahreza as complementary to and supporting agricultural sectors will increase the employment and income sources and attract more workforce than mere agricultural activities in rural areas.
2. Further improvement of the social, economic and spatial situation of villages in rural areas of Shahreza city is possible only through the investment of local villagers (through the participation of villagers accompanied by bank credits and urban partners)

This document is in fact a report on a research-executive project about tracing, chasing and capturing a moving object in a region by a mechanical user (ROBOT).
The hardware includes a computer, a CCD camera, an image receiver (FRAME GRABBER), a mechanical user, a controller and an infrared transmitter. The software utilized in this research project was designed in VC ++ and NQC environments, and included recording and capturing images, image processor and data extraction, information analysis, decision making, sending of commands and intermediate software.
The general objective of this research is the practical implementation of Mobile Mapping in real time or on-line mode. All geometric and explanatory information of the field of operation are recorded and stored in computer memory. The CCD camera is positioned in certain locations and takes images from the area. Camera deployment does not have much effect on the overall performance of this research. The locations can be fixed or movable.
Images are received at a specified time interval and are temporarily recorded in the computer memory. In the processor section, the received images are examined and the required information is extracted. This information is analyzed, and if it is determined that an unknown body has entered the area, it is identified and the object's position is communicated to the command section, and this section sends the proper command to mechanical user according to received information. Then the mechanical user moves toward the body to arrest it. Simultaneously with imaging, the information in the memory is revised and updated.

Today, with the advancement and development of technology, various tools are used to obtain information from the surface of the Earth. The utilization of aerial photographs taken by the cameras installed on aircrafts led to the emergence of the science of photogrammetry. In this system, a 3D map of the region is provided by taking images of the area with suitable cover and the image correction process. Subsequently, with the advent of satellite technology, imaging from the surface of the Earth began, and the science of remote sensing came into existence, which acquired information from the Earth actively and passively.
Today active systems in which the sensor, as an electromagnetic wave generator, sends certain wavelengths toward the target and records the return of the waves, have created a new field providing a wealth of information. In general, optical imagery captures only domain information, but other data are recorded by active sensors such as radar and LIDAR. This article introduces the LIDAR system

Today, almost all reports, scholarly research and applied projects that somehow deal with the dispersion of geographic phenomena use thematic maps.
In the European countries production of thematic maps go back to the 17th century, but in our country, the preparation of these maps began with the compilation of atlases by some organizations in the 1960s. A special type of thematic maps which has been widely used, is the choropleth map. Choropleth maps are used to display the distribution of quantitative phenomena over a political or administrative area such as province, city, district and rural districts.
Choropleth maps are usually represented by graduated color or hachures. An important point in the development of choropleth maps is to find the appropriate classification system for the data utilized. In fact, there are various classification systems in this regard that may be confused by users if a proper classification system is not selected for information display.
In this research, we tried to study the classification methods in choropleth maps and specify the characteristics of each of them.

One of the main characteristics of the Earth's system is climate change on short and long time-scales which imposes fluctuations in climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation. These fluctuations are severe in some parts of the world and cause disturbances in natural ecosystems.
Drought is a climate fluctuation that affects many of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world with different intensity. The mountainous region of the west of Iran has severe precipitation fluctuations due to having a semi-arid to semi-humid climate regime, which causes increasing damage in years of drought.
In this research, air temperature and rainfall variations in the Middle-west region of Iran were determined using statistical methods and data from synoptic stations in Arak, Ilam, Khorramabad, Zanjan, Sanandaj, Kermanshah and Hamedan, and the frequency of dry and wet years and the statistical relationship between the two phenomena were studied and evaluated.
Statistical calculations were made on the monthly and annual rainfall and temperature data of the studied stations. Moreover, according to the results, it seems that on average a four-year fluctuation is predominant in the precipitation regime of the region, and the trend of precipitation changes indicate regular fluctuations in dry and wet years.

The application of remote sensing data is illustrated by the example of the Mount Damavand (5671 m) in the Alborz mountain range in Iran. Several types of satellite data were needed to carry out the complex monographic work on the mountain range: SSEOP images from NASA, Russian KFA-1000 images, CORONA panoramic images from NASA and Russian KVR-1000 orthoimages. There are examples of studies of climate, transportation routes, water resources, protected areas, and relics of human land-use that demonstrate the potential of remote sensing data.
Correct selection of image data in using remote sensing is a necessity for documenting and monitoring human activities

In this research, we tried to identify the relationship between population areas of Fars province and climatic conditions of different regions of the province. Therefore, at first, different air masses affecting the climate of the province were identified. These masses include the northern, western, southern (masses) and local winds. Then, after identifying the type of climate in different regions and analyzing the population dispersion statistics, the relationship between population dispersion and climate conditions was identified. Finally, it was determined that the central regions of Fars province had greater population densities than other areas of the province due to suitable climatic conditions (rainfall, temperature, etc.).

On Monday, August 29, 2005, the Hurricane Katrina swept the South American coast of the Gulf of Mexico at a speed of 250 kilometers per hour, causing thousands of deaths and enormous financial losses in three states of Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi. Although Katrina was a natural disaster, it was nevertheless man-made, caused by abnormal actions of human beings on natural environments and the increasing use of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries, especially in the United States. In the following, it can be stated that one of the political consequences of Katrina's occurrence has been to disturb security and public order during the occurrence of this incident.

Most of the buildings in the historical texture of Yazd have not been adequately resistant to earthquakes, and the rules, regulations and criteria have not been observed in their design.
Most of these buildings are old and some of them are newly-built. The occurrence of earthquake entails serious and irreparable damages to buildings, facilities, equipment, natural resources, social order, historical and cultural heritage, activities, employment and income, organizations and executive agencies, transportation system and business, therapeutic, health, educational, religious, etc. functions, and will lead to crisis. The crisis management process requires implementation of measures before, at the beginning, during and after the crisis

Cluster analysis is a multivariate statistical method that can be used to group a set of observations or variables.
The simplest method of cluster analysis is the K-Means non-hierarchical method used for observation clustering in which the number of clusters is unclear. (Johnson and D.Wichern 1988).
In this method, observations are put in the same clusters based on the least difference among the means. Thus, at first a number of different groups are formed, and each of the observations is consecutively put in different groups and the difference between its mean and the mean of the group is calculated, until it is eventually placed in the group with the least calculated difference (Milligan, G.W.1980). To measure the difference between the means of observations, the Euclidean distance method is used.