فصلنامه پژوهش ها و سیاست های اقتصادی
پیاپی 41-42 (بهار و تابستان 1386)

The lack of housing supply and demand equilibrium in Iranian towns, together with the fact that the principle 31 in the Constitution regarding the provision of housing needs has not been satisfactorily considered, necessitates a careful and comprehensive study of housing problems together with recommendations to overcome this problem. This research work attempts to explain the influential factors at work on effective housing demand and to identify their relationships. Estimating the elasticity of factors affecting the effective demand for housing enables one to examine the effects of these factors on decision making and policy formulations. To achieve a generalized policy implication, housing is regarded, in this research work, as a commodity with uniform quality. The most important application of this study is in macro-economic policy analysis and the satisfaction of policy-makers expectations due to the fact that after the termination of the imposed war there has been a growing young and middle-aged population, which housing can be considered as their most immediate need.

It appears that the best and most precise approach in explaining the relations between the development and justice is based on a quotation from Hazrat-e Amir-al-Momenin (Peace Upon Him), saying that "In fact, development is intrinsically the result of the justice". To comprehend this quotation, it is necessary first to consider the relationship between regulatory justice and the legal justice. Secondly, based on the law of relative evolutionary regulations, the dynamics of social and economic behavior should be examined within this relationship. Thirdly, the levels of economic and social development should be organized with regard to the principles and characteristics of the development model and the policy of relative regulating and balancing the economy. It is under the said conditions that one can claim that, based upon the Shiete Ideology, economic development is achieved with regard to the realization of economic justice.

The relationship between productivity and wage level is certain. Contrary to the traditional wage theories, the theory of wage efficiency justifies higher wages as a factor for enhancing higher productivity. In addition to providing a logical and economic justification for downward wage rigidity, which is supported by the new-Keynesian school, this theory approves the payment of wages above the market rate by some firms, on the basis of observing higher efficiencies for workers with higher wages. According to the theory of efficient wages, the best efficient workers will be employed when wages above the average market rate are paid. This paper examines the efficient wages and their associated models using evidences among a number of different countries.

All economic firms are exposed to risks. There are a wide variety of risks in financial institutions. Identification, measurement and management of these risks are one of the main responsibilities of senior management in these institutions. Credit risk, market risk and operational risk are among the most important risks in financial institutions such as banks. This paper attempts to explore the operational risk. The contribution of this work is to underline the significance of operational risks, their identification and explaining the different methods for their measurement in financial institutions especially in the banking system.