نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 15، پاییز 1387)

Understanding the kind and degree of inflation's influence on economic growth is one of the most important issues in economic policy-making sphere. According to theoretical arguments, there is a kind of ambiguity about inflation influence on economic growth but it seems that the literature about negative relation between these two important macroeconomics variables is stronger and widespread. In this article, I discuss about inflation's influence on Iranian economic growth. The main characteristics of the article from empirical standpoint are differentiating between oil economic growth and non-oil economic growth and separating implication of oil price shock on economic growth in 1352 and 1358. According to the findings of this survey during the period of 1345-84, although inflation has negative influence on economic growth but there is positive and meaningful relations between inflation and non-oil economic growth. According to these findings, increasing 10% in inflation rate decreases 3 % of oil economic growth, but this rate of inflation increases 0.05% in non-oil economic growth. Another point is that these two oil shocks have negative influence on economic growth.

Institutions establish in two ways. First, according to pre-prepared plan that is copied from the same institutions in which there is enough time to create such institution. Second type of institutions establish by changing in traditional institutions or creating new structures. In first kind of institutions managers and leaders have enough time to establish institutions through applying experiences and consulting with others. But in the latter one, in which we witness rapidly and broadly a kind of changes into structures and foundations of the institution, we need to institutive leadership and management. If we accept that change is a matter of leadership we can say that the role of the leadership in second type of institutions is stronger. We should emphasize on this matter that rules and principles of institutive leadership are basically different from ordinary managements. These principles are: evolutionary leadership, preliminary innovator teams who believe in leadership and coordinated with him and finally applying scientific methods. Needless to say that scientific method is based on an experimental sciences and development research methods. Iranian administrative system as a developing society which has a new political system needs to change. The prerequisite of this evolution is applying an institutive and experienced administrative-managerial framework. These are principal through them established revolutionary institutions like Jahade Sazandegi and Sepahe Pasdaran(Islamic Revolutionary Guard), this can be a framework for the evolution in administrative system which have been emphasized by three Iranian governments during 1367-1386.

Policymaking and the way of its performance are too important because progress is a result of successful implementation of each stage and programs of development. In other words, progress in implementation process is progress in development path. In five-stage cycle of policymaking, implementation is the main part of policymakers and politicians attempts to solve the problems in a way if it's done, policy making would accomplished. Presenting eight operating models for successful implementation is due to reach theoretical consensus among implementation experts. The result of this consensus is an operational prescription that ensures implementation of policy decisions in governmental programs and even in private sector. The result of this article is to explain three indispensable variables, which are making clear of ambiguity, political protection and management commitment and skill. These factors are explained in details in eight-stage models.

Need to progress is one of the effective factors in development and the attempts to supply these requirements push a country toward development. Accordingly planning a vision from the development of the country is essential. Iran’s 1404 vision plan playing this role and has economic, social, cultural and political basis which its social& cultural goals necessity is clarified according to special social& cultural approaches of the Islamic Republic. Accordingly, achieving to social development we should apply cultural engineering as a systemic concept of culture and also try to promote society into knowledge based one. These can create a developed cultural & social society. Beside other factors, the role of education, press, media etc are essential to promote a society culturally & socially, especially these elements can be effective in a situation of lack of reading culture in the country. In this regard, we should tackle some barriers in the way of social development of the country to reach to the goals of Iran’s vision plan. To name some of these problems we can mention entering new subcultures, fashions and technologies into our country which are not compatible with traditional beliefs of the society. Finally this article recommends to compile sectorial documents in different social context such as moral society, religious democracy etc.

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between social capital and student math and language achievement and the probability of promotion, using data gathered from fourth grade classrooms in public schools in four Latin American cities. The results suggest that social capital among teachers in a school, between teacher and students, and among the students in a classroom contribute signi.cantly to learning achievement and the probability of promotion.Furthermore, social capital between the students matters at least as much as the teacher’s social capital. Children learn from each other and the networks allowing that to happen can be very important. The current pressure on teachers to achieve results on reading and math scores has tended to push teachers to “teach to the test”. Ironically, this study’s results indicate that spending time in creating social capital within the classroom environment is associated with higher language and math test scores.

Today social capital has more important role than physical and human capital in societies and it creates stable networks of collective relations between individuals and organizations. Without social capital, other capitals have no efficiency and it will be difficult to move toward cultural & economic development and progress. Discussing the place of social capital among other capitals, this article mentions social capital’s definition, context of genesis and its elements and usages. Finally, social capital’s related factors and the way of its Measurement and its relation to economic development have been studied.

New attitudes has been emerged besides mechanical and capital oriented approaches in economy of development, that considering capital, natural resources and human forces, pay attention to role of human and social variable's role in development and even economic growth. In 1990s economists noticed to concept of social capital and various studies have been done in the subject resulted in finding new aspects of relation between social capital and economic development. This article summarizes these researches about social capital into 6 categories in which some parts of social capital implications have been considered. In these categories have been studied some issues like social capital influences on economic growth, political economy, government function, rural development, human & intellectual capital, functions of institutions and their structures and finally on health system.

After the Islamic Revolution, Iranian economy has experienced a lot of crises and fluctuations. Mostly these fluctuations caused by political an economic developments of the region and the world, but the main element in controlling or aggravating these crises has been due or undue policies of the economic managers. After the Islamic Revolution four governments have been constituted- Mousavi, Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohammad Khatami, Mahmud Ahmadinejad- in each of them some problems and crises emerged in the Iranian economy (war, oil price shock, economy sanction, deficits in expenditure, etc). To solve these problems these governments adopted different policies according to the situations and the structures of the time, through these policies different results emerged. In this article we discuss about the general developments of these governments then the rate of changes of some main economic indexes have been studied. It seems that in three last year’s in comparison with the other governments, the necessary resources and situations for economic development have been existed but the results and economic performance are not in desirable situation.

South Caucasus crisis, although happened militarily in short period but it clearly contained special developments in the region and also in international relations in a way some experts are talking about emerging new cold war. This article briefly explains root causes of this crisis and then studies its continuation in shape of military engagement between Russia and Georgia then we discuss about implications of this crisis on regional situation of some powers such as Russia, Nato, Eu and the United States. Finally we discuss about Islamic Republic of Iran's situation in the region after the crisis and recommend some policies for Iranian foreign policy decision makers.