فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 124 (زمستان 1387)

The various factors and forces have contributed on location of Rural Habitation and formation, which must be considered in all of the rural settlement location. Although owing to the emergency situations, the allocation of new sites for the residences affected by disasters or other reasons may seems to be as an inevitable action. Therefore, the construction and allocation of new residential sites, ultimately must be based on the conclusion that have come from reviewing the other options. The site of a habitation is known as the allocation and it's formation on the land. Since the past centuries, the decision-making on selection of this site, continuously had related to several factors with regard to it's location – situation, some of these factors along the history are:- Possibility of security and defense; - Access to adequate and appropriate water; - Accessability to other habitations, far and near sites; - Save from the flood and torrent risk; - Entity of fertile and cultivable lands; - Accessability to fuel provision and building materials.

Land and housing is one of the basic needs of cities habitants. The price increase in this market have caused to increase problems for the citizens. Land and housing problems is affected by different elements and each of these elements has the main role in its changes. Among these elements, the increase in inflation, price of building materials, costs of labour force, to be near to the populated and economic center and etc. These elements are the most effective in changes of land and housing market. But in Iran cities and in particular in city of Zanjan, the main factor (element) have unstabled the land and housing market is the role of unofficial land market, which has been more effective than inflation rate in recent years. This article will study the different factors (elements) effecting in land and housing market in Zanjan by using the available documents, libriries and field study with regard to unofficial land market. Since city of Zanjan is being located near to the capital city (Tehran), consider as important reason of land and housing problems.

Owing to the fact that Iran has proven to having earthquake, particularly after the Bam Earthquake, reviewing the housing construction policies in terms of retrofitting and optimization is one of the priorities of the plans of the ministries involved in the field of construction; therefore, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation considered preparing a Rural Housing Model as an applied project. For this purpose, the Deputy for Research of the University of Kurdistan started preparing Rural Housing Models in Kurdistan Province through field studies and library method. In this study, emphasizing a systematic-based approach, it has been attempted that the models conform to the endemic conditions, living needs and environmental characteristics as much as possible; to achieve this goal, the matrix, social and geographical characteristics, the three foundations in designing Housing Model, were taken into consideration. The purpose of the findings of the studies are to reach a type of model adopted from endemic housing been conformed to the modern living conditions; in the cities of Divanaddreh and Bijar, because of its plain conditions, endemic housing is the result of spatial-local development in spatial cells; each cell is dependant upon geographical and living factors or upon a type of a variable dependant on them; these two variables determine the form and number of base cells; each spatial cell will be meaningful in relation with other cells and has been evolved. In this chain and cell-like system which is called "Cellularization", the cells are combined together like meaningful units of a puzzle in order to form a preplanned totality. Thus, depending on the owner's needs, few cells can be increased or decreased in any number of specified models provided that the minimum biological needs are not dented. Obviously, all the points related to the concepts of housing and identity, welfare conditions, stable development and ideal structural conditions will be taken into account in designing models.

Rural residential areas from cultural point of view is outcome of exchanges between human and environment; during its process the internal and external forces; causes these changes in their Spatial-Physical. This situation causes problem and inadequancy for living and continuity of residency in theses villages.Considering cities as paramount focus in each geographical space has widespread effect in dissimilarity trend of rural space with spreading models and Living method.In this regard, between rural housing as main part of each residential area for optimum benefit of its residence there is a need for changes in shape, appearance and its Function; this changes are effectively mutations of urban environment.In this essay, the author with practical, library and field study have analyzed the place of rural housing in trend of variation which causes the place and time of villages follow the urban living method.

Garden –town is one of the natural values of desert cities that had been important at one time, but today they are considered in the category of middle and poor parts of cities. Although we can see some constructions in these garden-towns, which are mostly belongs to the residents of these region, but generally people do not have any trend to live in these Garden-towns.Some internal and external factors have made the base of these garden-towns threatened. Therefore the aim of this project is to have a new look at these towns:- Showing the importance of the matter: "Garden-towns"- Presenting the basic problems against such townsFurther this study tries to understand the garden-towns as a cohensive environment and natural values of a known region. The results accentuate the necessity of study and planning for preservation and sustainable public development in the aspects of social-cultural, physical, ecological and environmental. However, this article is limited to physical and social-cultural dimentions.The most important physical aspect of these towns are the lack of designing regulation, which has resulted eroded texture in the restoration field and inharmonious building constructions (in the design field). The problems with regard to the social-cultural aspect was the lack of social relationships and non-stability of residence.

Establishment, construction and development of new towns are the most important issues of urbanization in the country. Building a suitable housing and a good place for social behaviors for accommodating the overspill from metropolitans is one of the main goals of establishment of such new towns.This article is to study social-population issues of such new towns. Social - population issues are essential basis of urban planning, therefore, urban planners and authorities must do consider these issues in planning policies and implementation in development of new towns.The descriptive-investigatation was carried out as a way of researching for this study. In the meantime, information for this article is extracted from libraries and internet references.This research mainly shows the importance of social and population issues in development of new towns. If these issues arent considered in urbanization, new towns wont reach the anticipated goals; which is resolving the over crowd of metropolises. With regard to the mentioned issues, special attention should be made to the social issues of population in these towns; this is a requirement of having a standard town with new atmosphere and identity that achieves the anticipated developments. Social and population studies in new towns provide a stable and healthy system for these towns, which could avoid the problems of future metropolises.