مجله نامه مفید
پیاپی 66 (تیر 1387)

Unemployment-inflation trade off is known as the Phillips curve. Since 1958, and after the publication of professor A.W.Phillip's studies, there have been challenges among different economic schools about this innovation. In this paper, apart from dealing with the process of historical change in Philips curve, the New-Keynesians Phillips curve has been estimated for the Iranian economy. The results show that unemployment-inflation trade off exists both in the short-run as well as in the long-run. However, bearing in mind that, the long-run relationship is much weaker than the short-run one. Therefore, if this is so, it suggests that Keynesian demand management policies not only are operative in the short-run, but it could also have some influence, although not as much as short-run, in long-run, for the Iranian economy.

The issue of the demand for money is a crucial one in macro economy of each country. The goal of this paper is to analyze and estimate the demand for money for Iranian economy. We have estimated the money demand function for Iran for period of 1974-2006 (32 years). We have used both narrow and broad definitions of money in this paper. In the process of estimation, we have applied both the Johanson co integration method as well as the reaction function and variance decomposition analysis. The result of econometrics testing shows that the transaction demand for money has greatest impact on Iranian economy in this regard. This result is compatible with theoretical findings. This paper has been encapsulated in four main sections.

This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier.Convergence hypothesis implies that the per capita income growth rate of poor countries is higher than the rich countries. Therefore, income inequality will be decreased in transition process. This article aims at testing the club convergence hypothesis in MENA region during 1970-2003. We use  convergence and  convergence (or distributed) models.Our estimation results show that the income inequality decreased during 1970-2003. Even though such decreasing was not evenly distributed. Also, in estimating  convergence model, the coefficient of threshold dummy variable shows that per capita income in MENA region is separated in to two groups. Therefore, the club convergence hypothesis is not rejected in MENA countries.By using panel data method, we estimate TFP in MENA region for decades of 1970,s, 1980,s and 1990,s. The results show two income groups appear in MENA. As Quah, TFP separating is one of the most important club convergences.

While employment is an influential factor in economic growth, income distribution and human dignity, unemployment is the root of many abnormalities and undesired social and economic consequences. Demographic structure in Asian countries, abundant supplies of labor, lack of appropriate facilities and lack of sufficient demand have turned unemployment into one of the most important social and economic problems in these countries. In this respect, the phenomenon of globalization will probably produce serious effects on the structure of labor market, employment and unemployment. Empirical studies show that globalization has both increased and decreased the employment. Decrease or increase of employment and its relationship with globalization is studied in this paper. In the present study, using the method of estimating the function of labor demand and the dynamic theory of labor market through three main criteria of globalization, namely, "trade liberalization and employment", "liberalization, convergence of financial markets and employment", "technology and employment" the theoretical foundations of the relationship between globalization and market labor has been studied. The employment elasticity's with respect to the gross domestic product and the degree of economy openness are positive but the employment elasticity with respect to the government size is negative. The flow of foreign direct investment has had a slight positive effect on the employment growth.

In this article, we analyze the main attributes of microfinance experiences in Iran and explain their strengths and weakness. Key elements of these experiences are explained and their operational mechanism and performance index are compared by benchmarks of leading successful experiences in microfinance in the world. These analyzes not only introduce the microfinance practices in Iran that there isn’t any credible report in International Journal about them, but also provide practical framework for discussing suggestions about microfinance operational mechanism in Iran. The recommended framework includes items such as government intervention, its supervision, infrastructures and technological dimensions, target group, organizational type of microfinance institutions, and technical rule for collecting savings from poor and allocating loans to them. These recommendations, as a whole, form a theory for developing microfinance in Iran that should be tested in practice.

The government fiscal policy can be said to be pro-poor if it benefits the poor more than the non-poor. In this research by using the concept of social welfare it states that which goods and services should be subsidized or taxed to maximize social welfares. For this purpose, in the viewpoint of welfare the concept of elasticity of Atkinson social welfare with respect to prices is used and then price reform index is derived and finally this index is used for assessing indirect taxes and subsidies.The results of this research during the years of 2000-2005 in urban and rural areas in Iran, indicate increasing in price of food items hurts the poor more than the rich and subsidizing these items (excluding beverages and tobacco) have been pro-poor while the increasing in price of the items like health care, transportation, communication and education hurt the rich more than the poor and the rich benefit more than the poor from these subsidies. Therefore, view in the subsidy and taxing on the mentioned sectors for purpose of reducing the inequality for welfare improvement and thus reform is seemed necessary.

In this study, Gini coefficient index (GINI), Teil index (T), tenth to first deciles ratio (D10/D1), upper four deciles concentration ratio (UPCR4), in which the rich situation and lower four deciles (DOWNCR4) that indicate the poor situation has been used for evaluating income distribution.The above mentioned indices calculated during the 3 periods of development programs (1969-1979) before revolution, the second one during 1979-1988 and the last one (i.e. 3 Development program) during 1989-2004.At the end, having reviewed various income distribution indices, we can conclude that most of the inequality indices had the upward trend during the years 1969-1982. At the same time, the mentioned indices had the downward trend during the years 1983-2004.The results show that the upper 10 percent of the rich has almost 27 times higher income share than the lower 10 percent of the poor during the year 1979. In addition, this ratio has decreased to 17% and 14% during the years 1989 and 2004, respectively.Also, having considered in GINI and Theil, it is concluded that income distribution policies had significant effect on decreasing the income inequality in Iran during the 3 development programs (i.e. 1989-2004).

The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of Islamic Azad University Branches in East-Azerbaijan province. The sample includes 28 branches. Data envelope analysis method (DEA) is one of the useful methods for this subject. This method is on the basis of linear programming. DEA requires some information to determine the efficiency or inefficiency of the Decision Making Units (DMU). In this paper, inputs and outputs of DEA are determined through selecting the most important criteria. Inputs include: number of teachers, number of educational groups, university area, and number of students, number of employees, and university expenses. Outputs include: number of graduates, number of articles, books and surveys done at the branch, number of scientific conferences, and number of students accepted at higher education levels. On this basis, the data of each branch were collected and the efficiency of them was calculated using the DEAP2 software. According to the results, fourteen branches were identified as efficient and fourteen branches as inefficient. Finally, the most efficient branches were introduced as pattern (model) through comparison; the inefficient branches could come closer to the pattern (model) and reach the efficiency level.